diff --git a/Termind/App/RootView.swift b/Termind/App/RootView.swift
index 95746d0f..83865c8a 100644
--- a/Termind/App/RootView.swift
+++ b/Termind/App/RootView.swift
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import SwiftUI
 struct RootView: View {
     @Environment(AppModel.self) private var app
     @Environment(\.accessibilityReduceMotion) private var reduceMotion
+    @Environment(\.locale) private var locale
     @State private var window: WindowModel
     @State private var layoutWidth = Metrics.Window.defaultWidth
     @State private var automaticQuickOpenReady = false
@@ -74,7 +75,10 @@ struct RootView: View {
         .background { FullHeightWindowContent() }
         .onGeometryChange(for: CGFloat.self) { $0.size.width } action: { layoutWidth = $0 }
         .toolbarBackground(.hidden, for: .windowToolbar)
-        .navigationTitle(WindowTitleCatalog.standard(hosts: app.hostLibrary).title(in: window))
+        .navigationTitle(
+            WindowTitleCatalog.standard(hosts: app.hostLibrary)
+                .title(in: window, locale: locale)
+        )
         // The window's only toolbar. Creation on the left, one Find on the
         // right, both following the content in front rather than the sidebar —
         // see `WindowToolbarLeadingActions` and `WindowModel.findKind`.
diff --git a/Termind/Application/Commands/AppCommandRegistry.swift b/Termind/Application/Commands/AppCommandRegistry.swift
index b73c7f1f..5d18c5c1 100644
--- a/Termind/Application/Commands/AppCommandRegistry.swift
+++ b/Termind/Application/Commands/AppCommandRegistry.swift
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ final class AppCommandRegistry {
         VaultPage.allCases.map { page in
             AppCommandDescriptor(
                 id: "vault.\(page.rawValue)",
-                title: page.title,
+                title: page.title(),
                 subtitle: String(localized: "Vault"),
                 symbol: page.symbol,
                 section: .navigation,
diff --git a/Termind/Features/Assistant/AssistantView.swift b/Termind/Features/Assistant/AssistantView.swift
index dcea32cd..8f638573 100644
--- a/Termind/Features/Assistant/AssistantView.swift
+++ b/Termind/Features/Assistant/AssistantView.swift
@@ -264,6 +264,7 @@ private struct AssistantConversationList: View {
     typealias Scope = AssistantLibraryModel.SearchScope
 
     @Environment(WindowModel.self) private var window
+    @Environment(\.locale) private var locale
     @AppStorage(SettingsKey.pinnedChatsSectionExpanded) private var pinnedExpanded = true
     @AppStorage(SettingsKey.chatsSectionExpanded) private var chatsExpanded = true
     @State private var deleteTarget: ConversationModel?
@@ -334,6 +335,7 @@ private struct AssistantConversationList: View {
         // object of type WindowModel found". The list is handed the same
         // reference so it can put it back into each row's hosting view.
         let window = window
+        let locale = locale
 
         return AssistantConversationNativeList(
             items: activeItems,
@@ -351,7 +353,7 @@ private struct AssistantConversationList: View {
                 )
                 window.dragging = nil
             },
-            blankAreaMenu: { Self.blankAreaMenu(in: window) }
+            blankAreaMenu: { Self.blankAreaMenu(in: window, locale: locale) }
         ) { item in
             renderedItem(item, window: window)
         }
@@ -360,13 +362,14 @@ private struct AssistantConversationList: View {
 
     private var archivedList: some View {
         let window = window
+        let locale = locale
 
         return AssistantConversationNativeList(
             items: archivedItems,
             window: window,
             topInset: Metrics.Space.m,
             bottomInset: Metrics.Space.m,
-            blankAreaMenu: { Self.blankAreaMenu(in: window) }
+            blankAreaMenu: { Self.blankAreaMenu(in: window, locale: locale) }
         ) { item in
             renderedItem(item, window: window)
                 .frame(maxWidth: archiveMaxWidth ?? .infinity)
@@ -382,13 +385,17 @@ private struct AssistantConversationList: View {
     ///
     /// Static, and given the window rather than reading it: AppKit asks for this
     /// when the pointer is already down, long after the body that built the list.
-    private static func blankAreaMenu(in window: WindowModel) -> [NativeMenuEntry] {
+    private static func blankAreaMenu(
+        in window: WindowModel, locale: Locale
+    ) -> [NativeMenuEntry] {
         [
-            NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "New Chat")) {
+            NativeMenuEntry(
+                title: AppLocalization.string("New Chat", locale: locale)
+            ) {
                 window.openNewAssistantChat()
             },
             NativeMenuEntry(
-                title: String(localized: "Show Archive"),
+                title: AppLocalization.string("Show Archive", locale: locale),
                 isOn: window.isAssistantArchivePresented
             ) { window.showAssistantArchive() },
         ]
@@ -1131,6 +1138,7 @@ struct AssistantConversationRow: View {
 
     @Environment(WindowModel.self) private var window
     @Environment(\.controlActiveState) private var controlActiveState
+    @Environment(\.locale) private var locale
     @State private var hovering = false
     @FocusState private var titleFocused: Bool
 
@@ -1182,7 +1190,7 @@ struct AssistantConversationRow: View {
     private var contextMenu: [NativeMenuEntry] {
         let managementDisabled = conversation.isStreaming || conversation.isCompacting
         var entries: [NativeMenuEntry] = [
-            NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Open Full Screen")) {
+            NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Open Full Screen")) {
                 window.openAssistantFullScreen(conversation.id)
             },
             .separator,
@@ -1191,18 +1199,18 @@ struct AssistantConversationRow: View {
             entries.append(
                 NativeMenuEntry(
                     title: conversation.isPinned
-                        ? String(localized: "Unpin") : String(localized: "Pin"),
+                        ? localized("Unpin") : localized("Pin"),
                     isEnabled: !managementDisabled
                 ) { window.toggleAssistantPin(conversation.id) }
             )
         }
         entries.append(
-            NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Rename"), action: onBeginRename)
+            NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Rename"), action: onBeginRename)
         )
         entries.append(
             NativeMenuEntry(
                 title: conversation.isArchived
-                    ? String(localized: "Unarchive") : String(localized: "Archive"),
+                    ? localized("Unarchive") : localized("Archive"),
                 isEnabled: conversation.isArchived || !managementDisabled
             ) {
                 window.setAssistantArchived(
@@ -1212,7 +1220,7 @@ struct AssistantConversationRow: View {
         )
         entries.append(.separator)
         entries.append(
-            NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Delete"), isDestructive: true) {
+            NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Delete"), isDestructive: true) {
                 onDelete()
             }
         )
@@ -1262,11 +1270,15 @@ struct AssistantConversationRow: View {
                 .buttonStyle(.plain)
                 .help(Text(
                     conversation.isArchived
-                        ? String(localized: "Unarchive") : String(localized: "Archive")
+                        ? localized("Unarchive") : localized("Archive")
                 ))
             }
         }
     }
+
+    private func localized(_ key: String.LocalizationValue) -> String {
+        AppLocalization.string(key, locale: locale)
+    }
 }
 
 /// The second pinned destination's main conversation surface.
diff --git a/Termind/Features/HostChooser/HostChooserView.swift b/Termind/Features/HostChooser/HostChooserView.swift
index 06b99d70..a7ca51ed 100644
--- a/Termind/Features/HostChooser/HostChooserView.swift
+++ b/Termind/Features/HostChooser/HostChooserView.swift
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ nonisolated enum HostConnectionProtocol: String, CaseIterable, Identifiable, Sen
 
     nonisolated var id: Self { self }
 
-    var displayName: String {
+    func displayName(locale: Locale = .current) -> String {
         switch self {
-        case .ssh: String(localized: "SSH")
-        case .sftp: String(localized: "SFTP")
-        case .serial: String(localized: "Serial")
+        case .ssh: AppLocalization.string("SSH", locale: locale)
+        case .sftp: AppLocalization.string("SFTP", locale: locale)
+        case .serial: AppLocalization.string("Serial", locale: locale)
         }
     }
 
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ struct HostChooserView: View {
     @Environment(AppModel.self) private var app
     @Environment(WindowModel.self) private var window
     @Environment(\.dismiss) private var dismiss
+    @Environment(\.locale) private var locale
     @State private var chooser: ManagedChooserState<Host.ID>
     @State private var connectionProtocol = HostConnectionProtocol.ssh
     @State private var serialConfiguration = SerialConnectionConfiguration()
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ struct HostChooserView: View {
     private var connectionProtocolPicker: some View {
         Picker("Connection Protocol", selection: $connectionProtocol) {
             ForEach(availableConnectionProtocols) { connectionProtocol in
-                Text(connectionProtocol.displayName).tag(connectionProtocol)
+                Text(connectionProtocol.displayName(locale: locale)).tag(connectionProtocol)
             }
         }
         .pickerStyle(.segmented)
@@ -390,12 +391,16 @@ struct HostChooserView: View {
     private var footer: some View {
         HStack {
             if purpose.allowsMultiple, connectionProtocol != .serial {
-                Text("\(chooser.selected.count) selected")
+                Text(
+                    AppLocalization.string(
+                        "\(chooser.selected.count) selected", locale: locale
+                    )
+                )
                     .font(.caption)
                     .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
                     .monospacedDigit()
 
-                Button(allResultsChecked ? "Deselect All" : "Select All") {
+                Button(selectAllLabel) {
                     toggleAllResults()
                 }
                 .disabled(results.isEmpty)
@@ -463,11 +468,15 @@ struct HostChooserView: View {
         let path = serialConfiguration.normalizedDevicePath
         var info = stat()
         guard lstat(path, &info) == 0 else {
-            serialError = String(localized: "The device path does not exist.")
+            serialError = AppLocalization.string(
+                "The device path does not exist.", locale: locale
+            )
             return
         }
         guard (info.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFCHR else {
-            serialError = String(localized: "The device path is not a character device.")
+            serialError = AppLocalization.string(
+                "The device path is not a character device.", locale: locale
+            )
             return
         }
         serialConfiguration.devicePath = path
@@ -546,12 +555,28 @@ struct HostChooserView: View {
 
     private var workspaceHelp: Text {
         if chooser.selected.count < 2 {
-            Text("Select at least two hosts. A Workspace can contain one or more hosts.")
+            Text(
+                AppLocalization.string(
+                    "Select at least two hosts. A Workspace can contain one or more hosts.",
+                    locale: locale
+                )
+            )
         } else {
-            Text("Open \(chooser.selected.count) hosts as panes in one workspace.")
+            Text(
+                AppLocalization.string(
+                    "Open \(chooser.selected.count) hosts as panes in one workspace.",
+                    locale: locale
+                )
+            )
         }
     }
 
+    private var selectAllLabel: String {
+        AppLocalization.string(
+            allResultsChecked ? "Deselect All" : "Select All", locale: locale
+        )
+    }
+
     private func move(_ delta: Int) -> KeyPress.Result {
         guard !results.isEmpty else { return .ignored }
         chooser.moveCursor(by: delta, through: results.map(\.id))
diff --git a/Termind/Features/Shell/WindowRoute.swift b/Termind/Features/Shell/WindowRoute.swift
index 3578cb62..0406589d 100644
--- a/Termind/Features/Shell/WindowRoute.swift
+++ b/Termind/Features/Shell/WindowRoute.swift
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ nonisolated enum VaultPage: String, Hashable, Sendable, CaseIterable, Identifiab
         }
     }
 
-    var title: String {
+    func title(locale: Locale = .current) -> String {
         switch self {
-        case .welcome: String(localized: "Welcome")
-        case .hosts: String(localized: "Hosts")
-        case .keychain: String(localized: "Keychain")
-        case .snippets: String(localized: "Snippets")
+        case .welcome: AppLocalization.string("Welcome", locale: locale)
+        case .hosts: AppLocalization.string("Hosts", locale: locale)
+        case .keychain: AppLocalization.string("Keychain", locale: locale)
+        case .snippets: AppLocalization.string("Snippets", locale: locale)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/Termind/Features/Shell/WindowTitle.swift b/Termind/Features/Shell/WindowTitle.swift
index 495c31f1..7dd1c805 100644
--- a/Termind/Features/Shell/WindowTitle.swift
+++ b/Termind/Features/Shell/WindowTitle.swift
@@ -10,17 +10,19 @@ import Foundation
 /// window only asks, and gains nothing to update when a new destination is added.
 protocol WindowTitleProviding {
     /// nil when the destination in front is not this provider's to name.
-    func title(in window: WindowModel) -> String?
+    func title(in window: WindowModel, locale: Locale) -> String?
 }
 
 struct AnyWindowTitleProvider: WindowTitleProviding {
-    private let resolve: (WindowModel) -> String?
+    private let resolve: (WindowModel, Locale) -> String?
 
     init<P: WindowTitleProviding>(_ provider: P) {
-        resolve = provider.title(in:)
+        resolve = provider.title(in:locale:)
     }
 
-    func title(in window: WindowModel) -> String? { resolve(window) }
+    func title(in window: WindowModel, locale: Locale) -> String? {
+        resolve(window, locale)
+    }
 }
 
 struct WindowTitleCatalog {
@@ -32,8 +34,8 @@ struct WindowTitleCatalog {
 
     /// The first provider that claims the destination. Empty when none does,
     /// which AppKit renders as no title at all rather than as a blank slot.
-    func title(in window: WindowModel) -> String {
-        providers.lazy.compactMap { $0.title(in: window) }.first ?? ""
+    func title(in window: WindowModel, locale: Locale) -> String {
+        providers.lazy.compactMap { $0.title(in: window, locale: locale) }.first ?? ""
     }
 
     static func standard(hosts: HostLibraryModel) -> Self {
@@ -48,11 +50,12 @@ struct WindowTitleCatalog {
 /// Vault pages are named after themselves — except Welcome, which is the app's
 /// front door and so is named after the app.
 struct VaultWindowTitleProvider: WindowTitleProviding {
-    func title(in window: WindowModel) -> String? {
+    func title(in window: WindowModel, locale: Locale) -> String? {
         guard window.selectedDestination == .vault,
             let page = window.vaultDestination.page
         else { return nil }
-        return page == .welcome ? ApplicationIdentity.displayName : page.title
+        return page == .welcome
+            ? ApplicationIdentity.displayName : page.title(locale: locale)
     }
 }
 
@@ -60,11 +63,13 @@ struct VaultWindowTitleProvider: WindowTitleProviding {
 /// where you are; which chat you are in is the part worth reading from across
 /// the desk.
 struct AssistantWindowTitleProvider: WindowTitleProviding {
-    func title(in window: WindowModel) -> String? {
+    func title(in window: WindowModel, locale: Locale) -> String? {
         guard window.selectedDestination == .assistant else { return nil }
-        if window.isAssistantArchivePresented { return String(localized: "Archived") }
+        if window.isAssistantArchivePresented {
+            return AppLocalization.string("Archived", locale: locale)
+        }
         return window.assistantLibrary.selectedConversation?.derivedTitle
-            ?? String(localized: "New Chat")
+            ?? AppLocalization.string("New Chat", locale: locale)
     }
 }
 
@@ -72,8 +77,8 @@ struct AssistantWindowTitleProvider: WindowTitleProviding {
 struct WorkspaceWindowTitleProvider: WindowTitleProviding {
     let hosts: HostLibraryModel
 
-    func title(in window: WindowModel) -> String? {
+    func title(in window: WindowModel, locale: Locale) -> String? {
         guard let workspace = window.selectedWorkspace else { return nil }
-        return workspace.title(in: hosts)
+        return workspace.title(in: hosts, locale: locale)
     }
 }
diff --git a/Termind/Features/Workspaces/Pane.swift b/Termind/Features/Workspaces/Pane.swift
index 2533e111..11e5029c 100644
--- a/Termind/Features/Workspaces/Pane.swift
+++ b/Termind/Features/Workspaces/Pane.swift
@@ -287,9 +287,9 @@ final class Pane: Identifiable {
 
     /// Resolved against the store so a renamed host renames its workspaces — unless
     /// the user named this pane, in which case their word wins everywhere.
-    func title(in store: HostLibraryModel) -> String {
+    func title(in store: HostLibraryModel, locale: Locale = .current) -> String {
         if let customTitle { return customTitle }
-        return numbered(derivedTitle(in: store))
+        return numbered(derivedTitle(in: store, locale: locale))
     }
 
     /// The number only ever decorates a *derived* name. A name the user typed is
@@ -299,16 +299,17 @@ final class Pane: Identifiable {
         duplicateIndex > 0 ? "\(base) (\(duplicateIndex))" : base
     }
 
-    private func derivedTitle(in store: HostLibraryModel) -> String {
+    private func derivedTitle(in store: HostLibraryModel, locale: Locale) -> String {
         switch content {
         case .sshSession(let sshSession):
             sshSession.title
         case .sftpSession(let sftpSession):
-            store.host(sftpSession.hostID)?.name ?? String(localized: "SFTP")
+            store.host(sftpSession.hostID)?.name
+                ?? AppLocalization.string("SFTP", locale: locale)
         case .serialSession(let serialSession):
             serialSession.title
         case .empty:
-            String(localized: "Empty")
+            AppLocalization.string("Empty", locale: locale)
         }
     }
 
@@ -316,14 +317,14 @@ final class Pane: Identifiable {
     ///
     /// SFTP and SSH panes share Sessions, with their symbols distinguishing the
     /// protocol. The row therefore keeps the host name concise and unprefixed.
-    func sidebarTitle(in store: HostLibraryModel) -> String {
+    func sidebarTitle(in store: HostLibraryModel, locale: Locale = .current) -> String {
         if let customTitle { return customTitle }
         if case .sftpSession(let sftpSession) = content,
             let host = store.host(sftpSession.hostID)
         {
             return numbered(host.name)
         }
-        return numbered(derivedTitle(in: store))
+        return numbered(derivedTitle(in: store, locale: locale))
     }
 
     func subtitle(in store: HostLibraryModel) -> String? {
diff --git a/Termind/Features/Workspaces/Workspace.swift b/Termind/Features/Workspaces/Workspace.swift
index 52ef80b9..c59fa4b7 100644
--- a/Termind/Features/Workspaces/Workspace.swift
+++ b/Termind/Features/Workspaces/Workspace.swift
@@ -127,9 +127,11 @@ final class Workspace: Identifiable {
     /// (see `WindowModel.rename`), and one thing has one name. It also means a
     /// renamed workspace reads "Workspace" the moment it is split, since the name it
     /// was given went to the pane rather than to the group.
-    func title(in store: HostLibraryModel) -> String {
-        if isSplit { return customTitle ?? String(localized: "Workspace") }
-        return focusedPane.title(in: store)
+    func title(in store: HostLibraryModel, locale: Locale = .current) -> String {
+        if isSplit {
+            return customTitle ?? AppLocalization.string("Workspace", locale: locale)
+        }
+        return focusedPane.title(in: store, locale: locale)
     }
 
     func subtitle(in store: HostLibraryModel) -> String? {
diff --git a/Termind/Features/Workspaces/WorkspaceNavigatorView.swift b/Termind/Features/Workspaces/WorkspaceNavigatorView.swift
index 1442ae9c..6f68d8e5 100644
--- a/Termind/Features/Workspaces/WorkspaceNavigatorView.swift
+++ b/Termind/Features/Workspaces/WorkspaceNavigatorView.swift
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import UniformTypeIdentifiers
 struct WorkspaceNavigatorView: View {
     @Environment(AppModel.self) private var app
     @Environment(WindowModel.self) private var window
+    @Environment(\.locale) private var locale
 
     @AppStorage(SettingsKey.vaultSectionExpanded) private var vaultExpanded = true
     @AppStorage(SettingsKey.workspaceSectionExpanded) private var workspaceExpanded = true
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ struct WorkspaceNavigatorView: View {
                             && window.vaultDestination.page == page,
                         // The page's own New verbs, so adding a host does not
                         // require visiting Hosts first.
-                        menu: { window.creationMenu(for: page) }
+                        menu: { window.creationMenu(for: page, locale: locale) }
                     ) {
                         window.dragging = nil
                         vaultExpanded = true
@@ -279,7 +280,7 @@ struct WorkspaceNavigatorView: View {
     private func beginWorkspaceRename(_ workspace: Workspace) {
         guard workspace.isRenameable else { return }
         renamingWorkspaceID = workspace.id
-        workspaceRenameTitle = workspace.title(in: app.hostLibrary)
+        workspaceRenameTitle = workspace.title(in: app.hostLibrary, locale: locale)
     }
 
     private func commitWorkspaceRename(_ workspace: Workspace) {
@@ -334,6 +335,7 @@ private struct WorkspaceNavigatorRow: View {
     @Environment(AppModel.self) private var app
     @Environment(WindowModel.self) private var window
     @Environment(\.controlActiveState) private var controlActiveState
+    @Environment(\.locale) private var locale
     @State private var hovering = false
     @FocusState private var titleFocused: Bool
 
@@ -355,7 +357,7 @@ private struct WorkspaceNavigatorRow: View {
                     .onExitCommand(perform: onCancelRename)
             } else {
                 VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 1) {
-                    Text(workspace.title(in: app.hostLibrary))
+                    Text(workspace.title(in: app.hostLibrary, locale: locale))
                         .fontWeight(isSelected ? .semibold : .regular)
                         .lineLimit(1)
                     if let subtitle = workspace.subtitle(in: app.hostLibrary) {
@@ -387,9 +389,11 @@ private struct WorkspaceNavigatorRow: View {
             window.dragging = .workspace(workspace.id)
             return NSItemProvider(object: workspace.id.uuidString as NSString)
         }
-        .help(Text(workspace.title(in: app.hostLibrary)))
+        .help(Text(workspace.title(in: app.hostLibrary, locale: locale)))
         .accessibilityElement(children: .combine)
-        .accessibilityLabel(Text(workspace.title(in: app.hostLibrary)))
+        .accessibilityLabel(
+            Text(workspace.title(in: app.hostLibrary, locale: locale))
+        )
         .accessibilityAddTraits(isSelected ? [.isSelected, .isButton] : .isButton)
         .onChange(of: isRenaming, initial: true) {
             if isRenaming { DispatchQueue.main.async { titleFocused = true } }
@@ -424,11 +428,11 @@ private struct WorkspaceNavigatorRow: View {
         var entries: [NativeMenuEntry] = []
         if workspace.isRenameable {
             entries.append(
-                NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Rename"), action: onBeginRename)
+                NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Rename"), action: onBeginRename)
             )
             if namedTitle != nil {
                 entries.append(
-                    NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Reset Name")) {
+                    NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Reset Name")) {
                         window.rename(workspace.id, to: "")
                     }
                 )
@@ -441,7 +445,7 @@ private struct WorkspaceNavigatorRow: View {
         // detach from.
         if workspace.isSplit {
             entries.append(
-                NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Separate Panes")) {
+                NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Separate Panes")) {
                     window.separatePanes(in: workspace.id)
                 }
             )
@@ -450,19 +454,19 @@ private struct WorkspaceNavigatorRow: View {
         if workspace.isCombinable {
             if workspace.isSplit {
                 entries.append(
-                    NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Duplicate in New Workspace")) {
+                    NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Duplicate in New Workspace")) {
                         act { window.duplicateSelectedInNewWorkspace() }
                     }
                 )
             } else {
                 entries.append(
                     NativeMenuEntry(
-                        title: String(localized: "Duplicate"),
+                        title: localized("Duplicate"),
                         children: [
-                            NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "In Current Workspace")) {
+                            NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("In Current Workspace")) {
                                 act { window.duplicateSelected(axis: .horizontal) }
                             },
-                            NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "In New Workspace")) {
+                            NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("In New Workspace")) {
                                 act { window.duplicateSelectedInNewWorkspace() }
                             },
                         ]
@@ -471,29 +475,29 @@ private struct WorkspaceNavigatorRow: View {
             }
             entries.append(.separator)
             entries.append(
-                NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Split Right")) {
+                NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Split Right")) {
                     act { window.splitSelected(axis: .horizontal) }
                 }
             )
             entries.append(
-                NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Split Down")) {
+                NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Split Down")) {
                     act { window.splitSelected(axis: .vertical) }
                 }
             )
             entries.append(.separator)
         }
         entries.append(
-            NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Close Workspace")) {
+            NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Close Workspace")) {
                 window.close(workspace.id)
             }
         )
         entries.append(
-            NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Close Other Workspaces")) {
+            NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Close Other Workspaces")) {
                 window.closeOthers(than: workspace.id)
             }
         )
         entries.append(
-            NativeMenuEntry(title: String(localized: "Close All Workspaces")) {
+            NativeMenuEntry(title: localized("Close All Workspaces")) {
                 window.closeAll()
             }
         )
@@ -504,6 +508,10 @@ private struct WorkspaceNavigatorRow: View {
         workspace.isSplit ? workspace.customTitle : workspace.focusedPane.customTitle
     }
 
+    private func localized(_ key: String.LocalizationValue) -> String {
+        AppLocalization.string(key, locale: locale)
+    }
+
     private func act(_ action: () -> Void) {
         window.select(workspace.id)
         action()
diff --git a/Termind/Resources/Localizable.xcstrings b/Termind/Resources/Localizable.xcstrings
index 27da9671..b0466f97 100644
--- a/Termind/Resources/Localizable.xcstrings
+++ b/Termind/Resources/Localizable.xcstrings
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@
         "zh-Hans" : {
           "stringUnit" : {
             "state" : "translated",
-            "value" : "%lld选中"
+            "value" : "已选择%lld项"
           }
         }
       }
@@ -8225,7 +8225,7 @@
         "zh-Hans" : {
           "stringUnit" : {
             "state" : "translated",
-            "value" : "固定"
+            "value" : "置顶"
           }
         }
       }
@@ -8245,7 +8245,7 @@
         "zh-Hans" : {
           "stringUnit" : {
             "state" : "translated",
-            "value" : "绑定"
+            "value" : "置顶"
           }
         }
       }
@@ -13652,7 +13652,7 @@
         "zh-Hans" : {
           "stringUnit" : {
             "state" : "translated",
-            "value" : "撤销"
+            "value" : "取消置顶"
           }
         }
       }
diff --git a/Termind/UI/Components/WindowToolbar.swift b/Termind/UI/Components/WindowToolbar.swift
index ddaeac96..450ec13d 100644
--- a/Termind/UI/Components/WindowToolbar.swift
+++ b/Termind/UI/Components/WindowToolbar.swift
@@ -464,6 +464,7 @@ struct WindowToolbarSearchSlot: View {
 /// Welcome and on a workspace that has no searchable pane in front.
 struct WindowToolbarFindField: View {
     @Environment(WindowModel.self) private var window
+    @Environment(\.locale) private var locale
     @State private var searchFieldOwner = NativeSearchFieldOwner()
 
     var body: some View {
@@ -471,7 +472,7 @@ struct WindowToolbarFindField: View {
             if let context = window.findContext() {
                 NativeSearchField(
                     text: context.query,
-                    placeholder: String(localized: "Search"),
+                    placeholder: AppLocalization.string("Search", locale: locale),
                     owner: searchFieldOwner,
                     focusRequest: context.focusRequest,
                     maintainsKeyboardFocus: window.isToolbarFindFocused,
@@ -481,8 +482,10 @@ struct WindowToolbarFindField: View {
                     onFocusChange: { window.isToolbarFindFocused = $0 }
                 )
                 .frame(width: Metrics.Toolbar.searchFieldWidth)
-                .help(Text(String(localized: "Search")))
-                .accessibilityLabel(Text(String(localized: "Search")))
+                .help(Text(AppLocalization.string("Search", locale: locale)))
+                .accessibilityLabel(
+                    Text(AppLocalization.string("Search", locale: locale))
+                )
             } else {
                 // Zero width, full height. A toolbar with nothing in it is
                 // shorter than one holding a search field, and the titlebar
@@ -507,19 +510,26 @@ struct WindowToolbarFindField: View {
 /// something the page in front cannot show.
 struct WindowToolbarLeadingActions: View {
     @Environment(WindowModel.self) private var window
+    @Environment(\.locale) private var locale
 
     var body: some View {
         let actions = window.creationActions
 
         if actions.count == 1, let only = actions.first {
             Button(action: only.perform) {
-                Label(only.title, systemImage: "square.and.pencil")
+                Label(
+                    only.localizedTitle(locale: locale),
+                    systemImage: "square.and.pencil"
+                )
             }
-            .help(Text(only.title))
+            .help(Text(only.localizedTitle(locale: locale)))
         } else if !actions.isEmpty {
             Menu {
                 ForEach(actions) { action in
-                    Button(action.title, action: action.perform)
+                    Button(
+                        action.localizedTitle(locale: locale),
+                        action: action.perform
+                    )
                 }
             } label: {
                 Label("New", systemImage: "square.and.pencil")
@@ -535,17 +545,21 @@ struct WindowToolbarLeadingActions: View {
 /// One thing the titlebar's New control can make.
 struct WindowToolbarCreationAction: Identifiable {
     let id: String
-    let title: LocalizedStringKey
-    /// The same string for AppKit, which takes a `String` rather than a key.
-    let localizedTitle: String
+    private let titleKey: String.LocalizationValue
     let perform: () -> Void
 
-    init(id: String, title: String, perform: @escaping () -> Void) {
+    init(
+        id: String, title: String.LocalizationValue,
+        perform: @escaping () -> Void
+    ) {
         self.id = id
-        self.title = LocalizedStringKey(title)
-        self.localizedTitle = title
+        titleKey = title
         self.perform = perform
     }
+
+    func localizedTitle(locale: Locale) -> String {
+        AppLocalization.string(titleKey, locale: locale)
+    }
 }
 
 // MARK: - Resolving the context
@@ -614,9 +628,11 @@ extension WindowModel {
     }
 
     /// Those verbs as native menu entries, for the Navigator's own rows.
-    func creationMenu(for page: VaultPage) -> [NativeMenuEntry] {
+    func creationMenu(for page: VaultPage, locale: Locale) -> [NativeMenuEntry] {
         creationActions(for: page).map { action in
-            NativeMenuEntry(title: action.localizedTitle, action: action.perform)
+            NativeMenuEntry(
+                title: action.localizedTitle(locale: locale), action: action.perform
+            )
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/TermindTests/AppLanguageTests.swift b/TermindTests/AppLanguageTests.swift
index 02660234..2d4e2305 100644
--- a/TermindTests/AppLanguageTests.swift
+++ b/TermindTests/AppLanguageTests.swift
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ struct AppLanguageTests {
             "Version": "版本",
             "Welcome": "欢迎",
             "Snippets": "片段",
+            "Pin": "置顶",
+            "Pinned": "置顶",
+            "Unpin": "取消置顶",
             "Approve for me": "帮我批准",
             "Full access": "完全访问权限",
         ]
diff --git a/TermindTests/ManagedChooserTests.swift b/TermindTests/ManagedChooserTests.swift
index cedc7244..b695adfc 100644
--- a/TermindTests/ManagedChooserTests.swift
+++ b/TermindTests/ManagedChooserTests.swift
@@ -78,4 +78,18 @@ struct ManagedChooserTests {
         #expect(HostChooserPurpose.batchStartup.allowsMultiple)
         #expect(HostChooserPurpose.batchStartup.showsWorkspaceChoice)
     }
+
+    @Test
+    func batchStartupStringsResolveUsingThePresentedLocale() {
+        let chinese = Locale(identifier: "zh-Hans-CN")
+        let selectedCount = 2
+
+        #expect(HostConnectionProtocol.serial.displayName(locale: chinese) == "串口")
+        #expect(AppLocalization.string("Batch Startup", locale: chinese) == "批量启动")
+        #expect(
+            AppLocalization.string("\(selectedCount) selected", locale: chinese)
+                == "已选择2项"
+        )
+        #expect(AppLocalization.string("Select All", locale: chinese) == "全部选择")
+    }
 }
diff --git a/TermindTests/WindowToolbarFindTests.swift b/TermindTests/WindowToolbarFindTests.swift
index 0e9daabe..41a813d3 100644
--- a/TermindTests/WindowToolbarFindTests.swift
+++ b/TermindTests/WindowToolbarFindTests.swift
@@ -143,6 +143,16 @@ struct WindowToolbarFindTests {
         #expect(window.creationActions.map(\.id) == ["snippet", "package"])
     }
 
+    @Test
+    func creationActionsResolveUsingThePresentedLocale() throws {
+        let window = WindowModel()
+        window.openPage(.hosts)
+
+        let host = try #require(window.creationActions.first { $0.id == "host" })
+        #expect(host.localizedTitle(locale: Locale(identifier: "en")) == "New Host")
+        #expect(host.localizedTitle(locale: Locale(identifier: "zh-Hans-CN")) == "新建主机")
+    }
+
     /// Each Vault page keeps its own query, and keeps it across a page switch —
     /// the field lives in the titlebar and outlives the page under it.
     @Test
@@ -165,19 +175,22 @@ struct WindowToolbarFindTests {
     func titlebarNamesTheContentInFront() {
         let window = WindowModel()
         let title = VaultWindowTitleProvider()
+        let english = Locale(identifier: "en")
+        let chinese = Locale(identifier: "zh-Hans-CN")
 
         // Welcome is the app's front door, so it is named after the app.
         window.openPage(.welcome)
-        #expect(title.title(in: window) == ApplicationIdentity.displayName)
+        #expect(title.title(in: window, locale: chinese) == ApplicationIdentity.displayName)
 
         window.openPage(.hosts)
-        #expect(title.title(in: window) == VaultPage.hosts.title)
+        #expect(title.title(in: window, locale: english) == "Hosts")
+        #expect(title.title(in: window, locale: chinese) == "主机")
 
         window.openPage(.keychain)
-        #expect(title.title(in: window) == VaultPage.keychain.title)
+        #expect(title.title(in: window, locale: chinese) == "钥匙串")
 
         window.openPage(.snippets)
-        #expect(title.title(in: window) == VaultPage.snippets.title)
+        #expect(title.title(in: window, locale: chinese) == "片段")
     }
 
     /// Each provider answers only for its own destination, so the catalog can
@@ -187,8 +200,9 @@ struct WindowToolbarFindTests {
         let window = WindowModel()
         window.selectAssistant()
 
-        #expect(VaultWindowTitleProvider().title(in: window) == nil)
-        #expect(AssistantWindowTitleProvider().title(in: window) != nil)
+        let locale = Locale(identifier: "zh-Hans-CN")
+        #expect(VaultWindowTitleProvider().title(in: window, locale: locale) == nil)
+        #expect(AssistantWindowTitleProvider().title(in: window, locale: locale) != nil)
     }
 
     /// The Assistant names the conversation, not the destination.
@@ -200,15 +214,35 @@ struct WindowToolbarFindTests {
         store.insert(conversation)
         let window = WindowModel(assistantLibrary: AssistantLibraryModel(store: store))
         let title = AssistantWindowTitleProvider()
+        let locale = Locale(identifier: "zh-Hans-CN")
 
         window.selectAssistant()
-        #expect(title.title(in: window) == String(localized: "New Chat"))
+        #expect(title.title(in: window, locale: locale) == "新建对话")
 
         window.selectAssistant(conversation.id)
-        #expect(title.title(in: window) == "Nginx rollout")
+        #expect(title.title(in: window, locale: locale) == "Nginx rollout")
 
         window.showAssistantArchive()
-        #expect(title.title(in: window) == String(localized: "Archived"))
+        #expect(title.title(in: window, locale: locale) == "已归档")
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    func workspaceTitleLocalizesOnlyBuiltInFallbacks() {
+        let store = HostLibraryModel()
+        let locale = Locale(identifier: "zh-Hans-CN")
+        let first = Pane(.empty)
+        let second = Pane(.empty)
+        let workspace = Workspace(pane: first)
+        workspace.layout = .split(
+            .init(
+                axis: .horizontal, fraction: 0.5,
+                first: .leaf(first), second: .leaf(second)
+            )
+        )
+
+        #expect(workspace.title(in: store, locale: locale) == "工作区")
+        workspace.customTitle = "Production"
+        #expect(workspace.title(in: store, locale: locale) == "Production")
     }
 
     /// A tag stops existing when its last host loses it, so a filter pinned to