diff --git a/FrameworkTests/HistoryRenderingSnapshotTests.swift b/FrameworkTests/HistoryRenderingSnapshotTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b55933a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FrameworkTests/HistoryRenderingSnapshotTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+import Foundation
+import Observation
+import TermindApplication
+import TermindDomain
+import Testing
+
+@Suite @MainActor
+struct HistoryRenderingSnapshotTests {
+    @Test func failedInitialTrimDoesNotHideReadableHistory() throws {
+        let repository = HistoryRepository()
+        let entry = ConnectionHistoryEntry(hostID: UUID(), kind: .ssh)
+        try repository.insert(entry, limit: 10)
+        repository.failsTrim = true
+
+        let model = ConnectionHistoryModel(repository: repository)
+
+        #expect(model.entries().map(\.id) == [entry.id])
+        #expect(model.storageError != nil)
+        model.reload()
+        #expect(model.entries().map(\.id) == [entry.id])
+        #expect(model.storageError == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test func failedInitialRegistrationDoesNotHideReadableDeviceNames() throws {
+        let repository = DeviceRepository()
+        let remote = DeviceRecord(id: UUID(), displayName: "Remote")
+        try repository.upsert(remote)
+        repository.failsWrites = true
+
+        let model = DeviceDirectoryModel(repository: repository, currentDeviceName: "Local")
+
+        #expect(model.name(for: remote.id) == "Remote")
+        #expect(model.name(for: model.currentDeviceID) == "Local")
+        #expect(model.storageError != nil)
+        model.reload()
+        #expect(model.name(for: remote.id) == "Remote")
+        #expect(model.storageError == nil)
+    }
+
+    @Test(arguments: [false, true])
+    func historyReadsDoNotFetchOrPublishDuringRendering(fails: Bool) {
+        let repository = HistoryRepository()
+        repository.fails = fails
+        let model = ConnectionHistoryModel(repository: repository)
+        let hostID = UUID()
+        let reads = repository.reads
+        withObservationTracking {
+            _ = model.storageError
+            _ = model.entries()
+        } onChange: {
+            Issue.record("Reading history must not publish observable changes")
+        }
+
+        for _ in 0..<2 {
+            _ = model.entries()
+            _ = model.entries(for: hostID)
+            _ = model.mostRecentDate(for: hostID)
+            _ = model.localEntries()
+        }
+        #expect(repository.reads == reads)
+        #expect((model.storageError != nil) == fails)
+    }
+
+    @Test func historyReloadPublishesCommittedRowsAndRecoversFromReadFailure() throws {
+        let repository = HistoryRepository()
+        let model = ConnectionHistoryModel(repository: repository)
+        let entry = ConnectionHistoryEntry(hostID: UUID(), kind: .ssh)
+        try repository.insert(entry, limit: 10)
+        model.reload()
+        #expect(model.entries().map(\.id) == [entry.id])
+
+        repository.fails = true
+        model.reload()
+        let failedReads = repository.reads
+        #expect(model.entries().isEmpty)
+        #expect(model.storageError != nil)
+        #expect(repository.reads == failedReads)
+
+        repository.fails = false
+        model.reload()
+        #expect(model.mostRecentDate(for: entry.hostID) == entry.connectedAt)
+        #expect(model.storageError == nil)
+        model.delete(entry.id)
+        #expect(model.entries().isEmpty)
+    }
+
+    @Test(arguments: [false, true])
+    func deviceReadsDoNotFetchOrPublishDuringRendering(fails: Bool) {
+        let repository = DeviceRepository()
+        repository.fails = fails
+        let model = DeviceDirectoryModel(repository: repository, currentDeviceName: "Local")
+        let reads = repository.reads
+        withObservationTracking {
+            _ = model.storageError
+            _ = model.devices()
+        } onChange: {
+            Issue.record("Reading device names must not publish observable changes")
+        }
+
+        for _ in 0..<2 {
+            _ = model.devices()
+            #expect(model.name(for: model.currentDeviceID) == "Local")
+            #expect(model.name(for: UUID()) == nil)
+        }
+        #expect(repository.reads == reads)
+        #expect((model.storageError != nil) == fails)
+    }
+
+    @Test func deviceReloadPublishesCommittedNamesAndRecoversFromReadFailure() throws {
+        let repository = DeviceRepository()
+        let model = DeviceDirectoryModel(repository: repository, currentDeviceName: "Local")
+        let remote = DeviceRecord(id: UUID(), displayName: "Remote")
+        try repository.upsert(remote)
+        model.reload()
+        #expect(model.name(for: remote.id) == "Remote")
+
+        repository.fails = true
+        model.reload()
+        let failedReads = repository.reads
+        #expect(model.devices().isEmpty)
+        #expect(model.storageError != nil)
+        #expect(repository.reads == failedReads)
+
+        repository.fails = false
+        model.reload()
+        #expect(model.name(for: remote.id) == "Remote")
+        #expect(model.storageError == nil)
+        model.updateCurrentDeviceName("Renamed")
+        #expect(model.name(for: model.currentDeviceID) == "Renamed")
+    }
+
+    private enum ReadFailure: Error { case unavailable }
+
+    private final class HistoryRepository: ConnectionHistoryRepository {
+        let storage = InMemoryConnectionHistoryRepository()
+        var reads = 0
+        var fails = false
+        var failsTrim = false
+
+        func entries() throws -> [ConnectionHistoryEntry] {
+            reads += 1
+            if fails { throw ReadFailure.unavailable }
+            return try storage.entries()
+        }
+        func trim(to limit: Int) throws {
+            if failsTrim { throw ReadFailure.unavailable }
+            try storage.trim(to: limit)
+        }
+        func insert(_ entry: ConnectionHistoryEntry, limit: Int) throws { try storage.insert(entry, limit: limit) }
+        func end(_ id: UUID, at date: Date) throws { try storage.end(id, at: date) }
+        func delete(_ id: UUID) throws { try storage.delete(id) }
+        func clear(for hostID: UUID) throws { try storage.clear(for: hostID) }
+        func clearAll() throws { try storage.clearAll() }
+    }
+
+    private final class DeviceRepository: DeviceDirectoryRepository {
+        let storage = InMemoryDeviceDirectoryRepository()
+        var reads = 0
+        var fails = false
+        var failsWrites = false
+
+        func devices() throws -> [DeviceRecord] {
+            reads += 1
+            if fails { throw ReadFailure.unavailable }
+            return try storage.devices()
+        }
+        func upsert(_ device: DeviceRecord) throws {
+            if failsWrites { throw ReadFailure.unavailable }
+            try storage.upsert(device)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/FrameworkTests/SSHConnectionWorkerLifecycleTests.swift b/FrameworkTests/SSHConnectionWorkerLifecycleTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f6a5d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FrameworkTests/SSHConnectionWorkerLifecycleTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import Dispatch
+import Logging
+import Testing
+
+@testable import TermindRemoteInfrastructure
+
+@Suite
+struct SSHConnectionWorkerLifecycleTests {
+    @Test func lastReferenceCanBeReleasedOnTheConnectionQueue() async {
+        let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "termind.tests.ssh.connection")
+        await withCheckedContinuation { continuation in
+            queue.async {
+                var worker: SSHConnectionWorker? = SSHConnectionWorker(
+                    logger: Logger(label: "termind.tests"), maxSessionsPolicy: SSHMaxSessionsPolicy(), queue: queue)
+                weak let released = worker
+                #expect(released != nil)
+                worker = nil
+                #expect(released == nil)
+                continuation.resume()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test func lastReferenceCanBeReleasedOutsideTheConnectionQueue() {
+        let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "termind.tests.ssh.connection")
+        dispatchPrecondition(condition: .notOnQueue(queue))
+        var worker: SSHConnectionWorker? = SSHConnectionWorker(
+            logger: Logger(label: "termind.tests"), maxSessionsPolicy: SSHMaxSessionsPolicy(), queue: queue)
+        weak let released = worker
+        #expect(released != nil)
+        worker = nil
+        #expect(released == nil)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/Frameworks/TermindApplication/FeatureModels/ConnectionHistoryModel.swift b/Frameworks/TermindApplication/FeatureModels/ConnectionHistoryModel.swift
index 45feeb50..6842397b 100644
--- a/Frameworks/TermindApplication/FeatureModels/ConnectionHistoryModel.swift
+++ b/Frameworks/TermindApplication/FeatureModels/ConnectionHistoryModel.swift
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ public final class ConnectionHistoryModel {
 
     private let repository: any ConnectionHistoryRepository
     public let sourceDeviceID: UUID
-    private var cachedEntries: [ConnectionHistoryEntry]?
+    private var cachedEntries: [ConnectionHistoryEntry] = []
     public private(set) var revision: UInt64 = 0
     public private(set) var storageError: String?
 
@@ -34,20 +34,17 @@ public final class ConnectionHistoryModel {
         } catch {
             storageError = error.localizedDescription
         }
+        // A failed maintenance write must not hide readable existing history.
+        do {
+            cachedEntries = try self.repository.entries()
+        } catch {
+            storageError = error.localizedDescription
+        }
     }
 
     public func entries() -> [ConnectionHistoryEntry] {
         _ = revision
-        if let cachedEntries { return cachedEntries }
-        do {
-            let values = try repository.entries()
-            cachedEntries = values
-            storageError = nil
-            return values
-        } catch {
-            storageError = error.localizedDescription
-            return []
-        }
+        return cachedEntries
     }
 
     public func entries(for hostID: Host.ID) -> [ConnectionHistoryEntry] {
@@ -95,9 +92,7 @@ public final class ConnectionHistoryModel {
         )
         do {
             try repository.insert(entry, limit: Self.limit)
-            cachedEntries = nil
-            storageError = nil
-            revision &+= 1
+            reload()
             return entry
         } catch {
             storageError = error.localizedDescription
@@ -108,35 +103,34 @@ public final class ConnectionHistoryModel {
     public func end(_ id: ConnectionHistoryEntry.ID, at date: Date = Date()) {
         do {
             try repository.end(id, at: date)
-            cachedEntries = nil
-            storageError = nil
-            revision &+= 1
+            reload()
         } catch { storageError = error.localizedDescription }
     }
 
-    /// The sync coordinator persists remote events through its own transaction.
-    /// Drop the presentation cache so the next read observes those committed rows.
+    /// Refresh outside rendering, after a local write or a committed sync transaction.
+    /// View reads must never publish cache or error changes into an active graph update.
     public func reload() {
-        cachedEntries = nil
-        storageError = nil
+        do {
+            cachedEntries = try repository.entries()
+            storageError = nil
+        } catch {
+            cachedEntries = []
+            storageError = error.localizedDescription
+        }
         revision &+= 1
     }
 
     public func delete(_ id: ConnectionHistoryEntry.ID) {
         do {
             try repository.delete(id)
-            cachedEntries = nil
-            storageError = nil
-            revision &+= 1
+            reload()
         } catch { storageError = error.localizedDescription }
     }
 
     public func clear(for hostID: Host.ID) {
         do {
             try repository.clear(for: hostID)
-            cachedEntries = nil
-            storageError = nil
-            revision &+= 1
+            reload()
         } catch { storageError = error.localizedDescription }
     }
 
diff --git a/Frameworks/TermindApplication/FeatureModels/DeviceDirectoryModel.swift b/Frameworks/TermindApplication/FeatureModels/DeviceDirectoryModel.swift
index 9f6e1a22..ce2915f0 100644
--- a/Frameworks/TermindApplication/FeatureModels/DeviceDirectoryModel.swift
+++ b/Frameworks/TermindApplication/FeatureModels/DeviceDirectoryModel.swift
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ public final class DeviceDirectoryModel {
     private let repository: any DeviceDirectoryRepository
     public let currentDeviceID: UUID
     public private(set) var currentDeviceName: String
-    private var cachedDevices: [UUID: DeviceRecord]?
+    private var cachedDevices: [UUID: DeviceRecord] = [:]
     public private(set) var revision: UInt64 = 0
     public private(set) var storageError: String?
 
@@ -25,28 +25,25 @@ public final class DeviceDirectoryModel {
 
     public func devices() -> [DeviceRecord] {
         _ = revision
-        if let cachedDevices { return Array(cachedDevices.values) }
-        do {
-            let values = try repository.devices()
-            cachedDevices = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: values.map { ($0.id, $0) })
-            storageError = nil
-            return values
-        } catch {
-            storageError = error.localizedDescription
-            return []
-        }
+        return Array(cachedDevices.values)
     }
 
     public func name(for deviceID: UUID?) -> String? {
         guard let deviceID else { return nil }
-        if cachedDevices == nil { _ = devices() }
-        return cachedDevices?[deviceID]?.displayName
+        _ = revision
+        return cachedDevices[deviceID]?.displayName
             ?? (deviceID == currentDeviceID ? currentDeviceName : nil)
     }
 
     public func reload() {
-        cachedDevices = nil
-        storageError = nil
+        do {
+            let values = try repository.devices()
+            cachedDevices = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: values.map { ($0.id, $0) })
+            storageError = nil
+        } catch {
+            cachedDevices = [:]
+            storageError = error.localizedDescription
+        }
         revision &+= 1
     }
 
@@ -54,9 +51,7 @@ public final class DeviceDirectoryModel {
         do {
             try repository.upsert(DeviceRecord(id: currentDeviceID, displayName: name))
             currentDeviceName = name
-            cachedDevices = nil
-            storageError = nil
-            revision &+= 1
+            reload()
         } catch {
             storageError = error.localizedDescription
         }
@@ -66,8 +61,13 @@ public final class DeviceDirectoryModel {
         do {
             try repository.registerIfNeeded(
                 DeviceRecord(id: currentDeviceID, displayName: currentDeviceName))
-            cachedDevices = nil
-            storageError = nil
+        } catch {
+            storageError = error.localizedDescription
+        }
+        // Registration can fail while previously saved device names remain readable.
+        do {
+            let values = try repository.devices()
+            cachedDevices = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues: values.map { ($0.id, $0) })
         } catch {
             storageError = error.localizedDescription
         }
diff --git a/Frameworks/TermindRemoteInfrastructure/SSH/SSHConnectionWorker.swift b/Frameworks/TermindRemoteInfrastructure/SSH/SSHConnectionWorker.swift
index 9dbbd11e..b7258b7d 100644
--- a/Frameworks/TermindRemoteInfrastructure/SSH/SSHConnectionWorker.swift
+++ b/Frameworks/TermindRemoteInfrastructure/SSH/SSHConnectionWorker.swift
@@ -90,7 +90,8 @@ nonisolated final class SSHConnectionWorker: @unchecked Sendable {
         }
     }
 
-    private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.akinokaede.termind.ssh.connection")
+    private let queue: DispatchQueue
+    private let queueKey = DispatchSpecificKey<Void>()
     private let logger: Logger
     private let maxSessionsPolicy: SSHMaxSessionsPolicy
     private var connection: SSHAuthenticatedConnection?
@@ -114,9 +115,14 @@ nonisolated final class SSHConnectionWorker: @unchecked Sendable {
     private var connectionFailure: (@Sendable (String) -> Void)?
     private var didReportConnectionFailure = false
 
-    init(logger: Logger, maxSessionsPolicy: SSHMaxSessionsPolicy) {
+    init(
+        logger: Logger, maxSessionsPolicy: SSHMaxSessionsPolicy,
+        queue: DispatchQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "com.akinokaede.termind.ssh.connection")
+    ) {
+        self.queue = queue
         self.logger = logger
         self.maxSessionsPolicy = maxSessionsPolicy
+        queue.setSpecific(key: queueKey, value: ())
         sftpChannelOwner = SSHMultiplexedSFTPChannelOwner(
             queue: queue,
             context: { [weak self] in
@@ -134,7 +140,13 @@ nonisolated final class SSHConnectionWorker: @unchecked Sendable {
     }
 
     deinit {
-        queue.sync { cleanup(error: CancellationError()) }
+        // A queued callback can release the last reference to this worker.
+        // Cleanup must stay serialized without synchronously reentering its queue.
+        if DispatchQueue.getSpecific(key: queueKey) != nil {
+            cleanup(error: CancellationError())
+        } else {
+            queue.sync { cleanup(error: CancellationError()) }
+        }
     }
 
     func connect(
diff --git a/TFI/App/MobileStartupView.swift b/TFI/App/MobileStartupView.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b90468da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TFI/App/MobileStartupView.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import SwiftData
+import SwiftUI
+import TermindPresentation
+
+struct MobileStartupView: View {
+    let startup: Result<MobileAppModel, any Error>
+    @AppStorage("mobile.appearance") private var appearance = "system"
+
+    nonisolated init(startup: Result<MobileAppModel, any Error>) {
+        self.startup = startup
+    }
+
+    // SwiftUI's LazyView can invoke WindowGroup content on AsyncRenderer.
+    // Only carry the startup result here; access app state in the View body,
+    // where SwiftUI tracks the main-actor requirement.
+    nonisolated static func sceneContent(
+        for startup: Result<MobileAppModel, any Error>
+    ) -> @Sendable () -> MobileStartupView {
+        { MobileStartupView(startup: startup) }
+    }
+
+    var body: some View {
+        switch startup {
+        case .success(let app):
+            MobileQuickActionSceneRoot(app: app)
+                .modelContainer(app.container)
+                .preferredColorScheme(appearance == "dark" ? .dark : appearance == "light" ? .light : nil)
+        case .failure:
+            ContentUnavailableView(
+                AppStrings.Common.unableToOpenTermind.swiftUIKey, systemImage: "exclamationmark.triangle",
+                description: Text(AppStrings.Common.openDataStoreFailure))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private struct MobileQuickActionSceneRoot: View {
+    let app: MobileAppModel
+    @EnvironmentObject private var sceneDelegate: MobileSceneDelegate
+
+    var body: some View {
+        MobileRootView(
+            app: app,
+            pendingQuickAction: sceneDelegate.pendingQuickAction,
+            consumePendingQuickAction: sceneDelegate.consumePendingQuickAction
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/TFI/App/TermindIOSApp.swift b/TFI/App/TermindIOSApp.swift
index edc41a43..2de68f01 100644
--- a/TFI/App/TermindIOSApp.swift
+++ b/TFI/App/TermindIOSApp.swift
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
-import SwiftData
 import SwiftUI
 import TermindApplication
-import TermindPresentation
 
 @main
 struct TermindIOSApp: App {
     @UIApplicationDelegateAdaptor(MobileAppDelegate.self) private var appDelegate
-    @AppStorage("mobile.appearance") private var appearance = "system"
     private let startup: Result<MobileAppModel, any Error>
 
     init() {
@@ -18,31 +15,7 @@ struct TermindIOSApp: App {
     }
 
     var body: some Scene {
-        WindowGroup {
-            switch startup {
-            case .success(let app):
-                MobileQuickActionSceneRoot(app: app)
-                    .modelContainer(app.container)
-                    .preferredColorScheme(appearance == "dark" ? .dark : appearance == "light" ? .light : nil)
-            case .failure:
-                ContentUnavailableView(
-                    AppStrings.Common.unableToOpenTermind.swiftUIKey, systemImage: "exclamationmark.triangle",
-                    description: Text(AppStrings.Common.openDataStoreFailure))
-            }
-        }
-        .commands { MobileCommands() }
-    }
-}
-
-private struct MobileQuickActionSceneRoot: View {
-    let app: MobileAppModel
-    @EnvironmentObject private var sceneDelegate: MobileSceneDelegate
-
-    var body: some View {
-        MobileRootView(
-            app: app,
-            pendingQuickAction: sceneDelegate.pendingQuickAction,
-            consumePendingQuickAction: sceneDelegate.consumePendingQuickAction
-        )
+        WindowGroup(makeContent: MobileStartupView.sceneContent(for: startup))
+            .commands { MobileCommands() }
     }
 }
diff --git a/TFITests/MobileStartupViewTests.swift b/TFITests/MobileStartupViewTests.swift
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8dbfd98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TFITests/MobileStartupViewTests.swift
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import Foundation
+import Testing
+
+@testable import TermindIOS
+
+@Suite @MainActor
+struct MobileStartupViewTests {
+    private enum StartupFailure: Error { case unavailableStore }
+
+    @Test func successfulSceneContentCanBeCreatedOffMainThread() async throws {
+        let app = try MobileAppModel(inMemory: true)
+        defer { app.outbox.stop() }
+        let makeContent = MobileStartupView.sceneContent(for: .success(app))
+
+        let content = await Task.detached {
+            dispatchPrecondition(condition: .notOnQueue(.main))
+            return makeContent()
+        }.value
+
+        #expect(try content.startup.get() === app)
+    }
+
+    @Test func failedSceneContentCanBeCreatedOffMainThread() async {
+        let makeContent = MobileStartupView.sceneContent(for: .failure(StartupFailure.unavailableStore))
+
+        let content = await Task.detached {
+            dispatchPrecondition(condition: .notOnQueue(.main))
+            return makeContent()
+        }.value
+
+        guard case .failure(let error) = content.startup else {
+            Issue.record("Failed startup must remain a failure when creating scene content")
+            return
+        }
+        #expect(error as? StartupFailure == .unavailableStore)
+    }
+}