diff --git a/server/src/cloud/cloud_translation.cpp b/server/src/cloud/cloud_translation.cpp
index 808272c9..9aceec83 100644
--- a/server/src/cloud/cloud_translation.cpp
+++ b/server/src/cloud/cloud_translation.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ namespace
 {
 // Wait until the candidate window has been idle for 500ms before a TMT request.
 constexpr auto kIdleDelay = std::chrono::milliseconds(500);
-constexpr auto kNegativeTtl = std::chrono::minutes(8);
 constexpr size_t kMaxSourceChars = 40;
 constexpr size_t kMaxCacheEntries = 4096;
 
@@ -36,7 +35,15 @@ std::string g_db_path;
 CloudTranslation::ApplyCallback g_callback;
 
 std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> g_cache;
-std::unordered_map<std::string, std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point> g_negative;
+
+// 提供方对超时、限流、凭据错误和「没有译文」都只回空串，分不清哪次值得马上重试，所以失败项
+// 按次数退避：网络恢复后很快能补上，持续失败的词也不会每次刷新候选都被重发、挤占批次预算。
+struct FailureBackoff
+{
+    unsigned failures = 0;
+    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point retry_at;
+};
+std::unordered_map<std::string, FailureBackoff> g_failures;
 
 std::string TargetLanguage(const TranslationConfig &config)
 {
@@ -98,28 +105,22 @@ void RememberPositive(const std::string &identity, std::string gloss)
     if (g_cache.size() >= kMaxCacheEntries)
         g_cache.clear();
     g_cache[identity] = std::move(gloss);
-    g_negative.erase(identity);
+    g_failures.erase(identity);
 }
 
-bool IsNegative(const std::string &identity)
+bool IsBackingOff(const std::string &identity)
 {
-    const auto found = g_negative.find(identity);
-    if (found == g_negative.end())
-        return false;
-    if (found->second <= std::chrono::steady_clock::now())
-    {
-        g_negative.erase(found);
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
+    const auto found = g_failures.find(identity);
+    return found != g_failures.end() && std::chrono::steady_clock::now() < found->second.retry_at;
 }
 
-void RememberNegative(const std::string &identity)
+void RememberFailure(const std::string &identity)
 {
     std::lock_guard lock(g_mutex);
-    if (g_negative.size() >= kMaxCacheEntries)
-        g_negative.clear();
-    g_negative[identity] = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + kNegativeTtl;
+    if (g_failures.size() >= kMaxCacheEntries && g_failures.find(identity) == g_failures.end())
+        g_failures.clear();
+    auto &entry = g_failures[identity];
+    entry.retry_at = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() + CloudTranslation::FailureRetryDelay(++entry.failures);
 }
 
 TencentTmt::Credentials ResolveCredentials(const TencentTmtConfig &config)
@@ -200,12 +201,14 @@ void ApplyTranslatedGroup(const std::vector<EnglishIme::TranslationQuery> &group
 {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < group.size(); ++i)
     {
+        // 结果数组比请求短，说明提供方的批次预算先用完了，后面的词根本没有发出，不算失败。
+        if (i >= translated.size())
+            break;
         const std::string identity = Identity(group[i], target_language, provider_scope);
-        const std::string raw = i < translated.size() ? translated[i] : std::string{};
-        const std::string gloss = CloudTranslation::FormatGloss(raw);
+        const std::string gloss = CloudTranslation::FormatGloss(translated[i]);
         if (gloss.empty())
         {
-            RememberNegative(identity);
+            RememberFailure(identity);
             continue;
         }
         RememberPositive(identity, gloss);
@@ -301,7 +304,7 @@ void WorkerLoop()
                     results.push_back({query.key, query.direction, cached->second});
                     continue;
                 }
-                if (IsNegative(identity))
+                if (IsBackingOff(identity))
                     continue;
                 if (query.direction == EnglishIme::TranslationDirection::EnglishToChinese &&
                     CloudTranslation::IsCloudTranslatableEnglish(query.key))
diff --git a/server/src/cloud/custom_translation.cpp b/server/src/cloud/custom_translation.cpp
index aa5bec22..8d4b5d73 100644
--- a/server/src/cloud/custom_translation.cpp
+++ b/server/src/cloud/custom_translation.cpp
@@ -136,7 +136,10 @@ std::vector<std::string> TextTranslateBatch(const Config &config, const std::vec
     for (size_t i = 0; i < texts.size(); ++i)
     {
         if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - started >= kBatchBudget)
+        {
+            results.resize(i);
             break;
+        }
         const nlohmann::json body = {
             {"text", texts[i]}, {"source_lang", UppercaseLanguage(source)}, {"target_lang", UppercaseLanguage(target)}};
         const std::string payload = body.dump();
diff --git a/server/src/cloud/custom_translation.h b/server/src/cloud/custom_translation.h
index a679dc23..b7b2a660 100644
--- a/server/src/cloud/custom_translation.h
+++ b/server/src/cloud/custom_translation.h
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ bool IsSupportedEndpoint(const std::string &endpoint);
 std::string ParseTranslationResponse(const std::string &response);
 
 // Calls a DeepLX-compatible JSON endpoint once per source string. Empty
-// entries mean that item failed.
+// entries mean that item failed. When the batch time budget runs out the result
+// is shorter than texts: the missing tail was never sent.
 std::vector<std::string> TextTranslateBatch(const Config &config, const std::vector<std::string> &texts,
                                             const std::string &source, const std::string &target);
 } // namespace CustomTranslation
diff --git a/server/src/cloud/niutrans_translation.cpp b/server/src/cloud/niutrans_translation.cpp
index 66190185..7b307c8b 100644
--- a/server/src/cloud/niutrans_translation.cpp
+++ b/server/src/cloud/niutrans_translation.cpp
@@ -147,7 +147,10 @@ std::vector<std::string> TextTranslateBatch(const Config &config, const std::vec
     for (size_t i = 0; i < texts.size(); ++i)
     {
         if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - started >= kBatchBudget)
+        {
+            results.resize(i);
             break;
+        }
         const std::string timestamp = MillisecondTimestamp();
         // authStr is computed over the raw (unencoded) parameter values; the POST
         // body sends the same values url-encoded.
diff --git a/server/src/cloud/niutrans_translation.h b/server/src/cloud/niutrans_translation.h
index 0fe2aaa2..744a05e1 100644
--- a/server/src/cloud/niutrans_translation.h
+++ b/server/src/cloud/niutrans_translation.h
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ std::string BuildAuthString(const Config &config, const std::string &from, const
 std::string ParseTranslationResponse(const std::string &response);
 
 // Calls the NiuTrans /v2/text/translate endpoint once per source string. Empty
-// entries mean that item failed.
+// entries mean that item failed. When the batch time budget runs out the result
+// is shorter than texts: the missing tail was never sent.
 std::vector<std::string> TextTranslateBatch(const Config &config, const std::vector<std::string> &texts,
                                             const std::string &source, const std::string &target);
 } // namespace NiuTransTranslation
diff --git a/server/src/cloud/translation_gloss.cpp b/server/src/cloud/translation_gloss.cpp
index 3d85ce40..63887e83 100644
--- a/server/src/cloud/translation_gloss.cpp
+++ b/server/src/cloud/translation_gloss.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "translation_gloss.h"
 
 #include <utf8.h>
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cctype>
 
@@ -9,6 +10,8 @@ namespace CloudTranslation
 namespace
 {
 constexpr size_t kMaxPersistChars = 32;
+constexpr auto kFirstRetryDelay = std::chrono::seconds(15);
+constexpr auto kMaxRetryDelay = std::chrono::minutes(8);
 
 bool IsAsciiSpace(unsigned char ch)
 {
@@ -67,6 +70,16 @@ bool IsEmojiOrPictograph(uint32_t cp)
 }
 } // namespace
 
+std::chrono::seconds FailureRetryDelay(unsigned failures)
+{
+    if (failures == 0)
+        return std::chrono::seconds(0);
+    // 15s << 5 正好是 8 分钟，再往上移位只会被封顶，也避免大次数移位溢出。
+    const unsigned shift = (std::min)(failures - 1, 5u);
+    return (std::min)(std::chrono::seconds(kFirstRetryDelay * (1u << shift)),
+                      std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(kMaxRetryDelay));
+}
+
 size_t Utf8Length(const std::string &text)
 {
     if (text.empty() || !utf8::is_valid(text.begin(), text.end()))
diff --git a/server/src/cloud/translation_gloss.h b/server/src/cloud/translation_gloss.h
index 06cc5e82..22720d7a 100644
--- a/server/src/cloud/translation_gloss.h
+++ b/server/src/cloud/translation_gloss.h
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <chrono>
 #include <string>
 
 namespace CloudTranslation
 {
+// 同一词条连续失败 failures 次后，到下次允许重试前的等待：15 秒起步逐次翻倍，封顶 8 分钟。
+std::chrono::seconds FailureRetryDelay(unsigned failures);
 // Collapse whitespace for candidate-window gloss. Length is left to layout.
 std::string FormatGloss(const std::string &text);
 bool ShouldPersistGloss(const std::string &key, const std::string &formatted);
diff --git a/server/tests/src/test_translation_gloss.cpp b/server/tests/src/test_translation_gloss.cpp
index 17dd7a8e..e55c823b 100644
--- a/server/tests/src/test_translation_gloss.cpp
+++ b/server/tests/src/test_translation_gloss.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,18 @@ TEST_CASE(CloudTranslationPersistPolicyRejectsUselessGloss)
     REQUIRE_EQ(CloudTranslation::TrimSecret(" AKIDabc \r\n"), std::string("AKIDabc"));
 }
 
+TEST_CASE(CloudTranslationFailureRetryDelayDoublesUpToEightMinutes)
+{
+    using std::chrono::seconds;
+    REQUIRE(CloudTranslation::FailureRetryDelay(0) == seconds(0));
+    REQUIRE(CloudTranslation::FailureRetryDelay(1) == seconds(15));
+    REQUIRE(CloudTranslation::FailureRetryDelay(2) == seconds(30));
+    REQUIRE(CloudTranslation::FailureRetryDelay(5) == seconds(240));
+    REQUIRE(CloudTranslation::FailureRetryDelay(6) == seconds(480));
+    REQUIRE(CloudTranslation::FailureRetryDelay(7) == seconds(480));
+    REQUIRE(CloudTranslation::FailureRetryDelay(4000000000u) == seconds(480));
+}
+
 TEST_CASE(CloudTranslationOnlySendsChineseWithoutEmoji)
 {
     REQUIRE(CloudTranslation::IsCloudTranslatableChinese("水杉"));