diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index d0575d9..83a2a22 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@jackwener/opencli",
-  "version": "0.7.0",
+  "version": "0.7.1",
   "publishConfig": {
     "access": "public"
   },
diff --git a/src/snapshotFormatter.test.ts b/src/snapshotFormatter.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..452b832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/snapshotFormatter.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for snapshotFormatter.ts: Playwright MCP snapshot tree filtering.
+ *
+ * Uses sanitized excerpts from real websites (GitHub, Bilibili, Twitter)
+ * to validate noise filtering, annotation stripping, and output quality.
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest';
+import { formatSnapshot } from './snapshotFormatter.js';
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Fixtures: sanitized excerpts from real Playwright MCP snapshots
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/** GitHub dashboard navigation bar (generic-heavy, refs, /url: lines) */
+const GITHUB_NAV = `\
+- generic [ref=e2]:
+  - region
+  - generic [ref=e3]:
+    - link "Skip to content" [ref=e4] [cursor=pointer]:
+      - /url: "#start-of-content"
+    - banner "Global Navigation Menu" [ref=e8]:
+      - generic [ref=e9]:
+        - generic [ref=e10]:
+          - button "Open menu" [ref=e12] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - img [ref=e13]
+          - link "Homepage" [ref=e15] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - /url: /
+            - img [ref=e16]
+        - generic [ref=e18]:
+          - navigation "Breadcrumbs" [ref=e19]:
+            - list [ref=e20]:
+              - listitem [ref=e21]:
+                - link "Dashboard" [ref=e22] [cursor=pointer]:
+                  - /url: https://github.com/
+                  - generic [ref=e23]: Dashboard
+          - button "Search or jump to…" [ref=e26] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - generic [ref=e27]:
+              - generic:
+                - img
+              - generic [ref=e28]:
+                - generic:
+                  - text: Type
+                  - generic: /
+                  - text: to search`;
+
+/** GitHub repo list sidebar (repetitive structure) */
+const GITHUB_REPOS = `\
+- navigation "Repositories" [ref=e79]:
+  - generic [ref=e80]:
+    - generic [ref=e81]:
+      - heading "Top repositories" [level=2] [ref=e82]
+      - link "New" [ref=e83] [cursor=pointer]:
+        - /url: /new
+        - generic [ref=e84]:
+          - generic:
+            - img
+          - generic [ref=e85]: New
+    - search "Top repositories" [ref=e86]:
+      - textbox "Find a repository…" [ref=e87]
+    - list [ref=e88]:
+      - listitem [ref=e89]:
+        - generic [ref=e90]:
+          - link "Repository" [ref=e91] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - /url: /jackwener/twitter-cli
+            - img "Repository" [ref=e92]
+          - link "jackwener/twitter-cli" [ref=e94] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - /url: /jackwener/twitter-cli
+      - listitem [ref=e95]:
+        - generic [ref=e96]:
+          - link "Repository" [ref=e97] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - /url: /jackwener/opencli
+            - img "Repository" [ref=e98]
+          - link "jackwener/opencli" [ref=e100] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - /url: /jackwener/opencli`;
+
+/** Bilibili nav bar (Chinese text, multiple link categories) */
+const BILIBILI_NAV = `\
+- generic [ref=e3]:
+  - generic [ref=e4]:
+    - generic [ref=e5]:
+      - list [ref=e6]:
+        - listitem [ref=e7]:
+          - link "首页" [ref=e8] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - /url: //www.bilibili.com
+            - img [ref=e9]
+            - generic [ref=e11]: 首页
+        - listitem [ref=e12]:
+          - link "番剧" [ref=e13] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - /url: //www.bilibili.com/anime/
+        - listitem [ref=e14]:
+          - link "直播" [ref=e15] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - /url: //live.bilibili.com
+      - generic [ref=e32]:
+        - textbox "冷知识 金廷26年胜率100%" [ref=e34]
+        - img [ref=e36] [cursor=pointer]`;
+
+/** Bilibili video card (deeply nested generic wrappers, view counts) */
+const BILIBILI_VIDEO = `\
+- generic [ref=e363]:
+  - link "超酷时刻 即将到来 3.3万 40 16:24" [ref=e364] [cursor=pointer]:
+    - /url: https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1zVw5zoEFt
+    - generic [ref=e365]:
+      - img "超酷时刻 即将到来" [ref=e368]
+      - generic:
+        - generic:
+          - generic:
+            - generic:
+              - img
+              - generic: 3.3万
+            - generic:
+              - img
+              - generic: "40"
+          - generic: 16:24
+  - generic [ref=e370]:
+    - heading "超酷时刻 即将到来" [level=3] [ref=e371]:
+      - link "超酷时刻 即将到来" [ref=e372] [cursor=pointer]:
+        - /url: https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1zVw5zoEFt
+    - link "Tesla特斯拉中国 · 13小时前" [ref=e374] [cursor=pointer]:
+      - /url: //space.bilibili.com/491190876
+      - img [ref=e375]
+      - generic "Tesla特斯拉中国" [ref=e379]
+      - generic [ref=e380]: · 13小时前`;
+
+/** Empty paragraph blocks (Bilibili bottom section) */
+const BILIBILI_EMPTY = `\
+- generic [ref=e576]:
+  - generic:
+    - generic:
+      - generic:
+        - paragraph
+        - paragraph
+        - paragraph
+- generic [ref=e577]:
+  - generic:
+    - generic:
+      - generic:
+        - paragraph
+        - paragraph
+        - paragraph`;
+
+/** Twitter-style feed item (simulated based on common patterns) */
+const TWITTER_TWEET = `\
+- main [ref=e100]:
+  - region "Timeline" [ref=e101]:
+    - article [ref=e200]:
+      - generic [ref=e201]:
+        - generic [ref=e202]:
+          - link "@elonmusk" [ref=e203] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - /url: /elonmusk
+            - img "@elonmusk" [ref=e204]
+          - generic [ref=e205]:
+            - generic [ref=e206]: Elon Musk
+            - generic [ref=e207]: @elonmusk
+        - generic [ref=e208]:
+          - generic [ref=e209]: This is a very long tweet that goes on and on about various things including technology, space, and other random topics that make this text exceed any reasonable length limit we might want to set for display purposes in a CLI interface.
+        - generic [ref=e210]:
+          - button "Reply" [ref=e211] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - img [ref=e212]
+            - generic [ref=e213]: "42"
+          - button "Retweet" [ref=e214] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - img [ref=e215]
+            - generic [ref=e216]: "1.2K"
+          - button "Like" [ref=e217] [cursor=pointer]:
+            - img [ref=e218]
+            - generic [ref=e219]: "5.3K"
+    - separator [ref=e300]`;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('formatSnapshot', () => {
+  describe('basic behavior', () => {
+    it('returns empty string for empty/null input', () => {
+      expect(formatSnapshot('')).toBe('');
+      expect(formatSnapshot(null as any)).toBe('');
+      expect(formatSnapshot(undefined as any)).toBe('');
+    });
+
+    it('strips [ref=...] and [cursor=...] annotations', () => {
+      const input = '- button "Click me" [ref=e42] [cursor=pointer]';
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[ref=');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[cursor=');
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Click me"');
+    });
+
+    it('removes /url: metadata lines', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- link "Home" [ref=e1] [cursor=pointer]:
+  - /url: https://example.com
+  - generic [ref=e2]: Home`;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).not.toContain('/url:');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('https://example.com');
+    });
+
+    it('assigns sequential [@N] refs to interactive elements', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- button "Save" [ref=e1]
+- link "Cancel" [ref=e2]
+- textbox "Name" [ref=e3]`;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).toContain('[@1] button "Save"');
+      expect(result).toContain('[@2] link "Cancel"');
+      expect(result).toContain('[@3] textbox "Name"');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('noise filtering', () => {
+    it('removes generic nodes without text', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- generic [ref=e1]:
+  - generic [ref=e2]:
+    - button "Click" [ref=e3]`;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).not.toMatch(/^generic/m);
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Click"');
+    });
+
+    it('keeps generic nodes WITH text content', () => {
+      const input = '- generic [ref=e23]: Dashboard';
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).toContain('generic: Dashboard');
+    });
+
+    it('removes img nodes without alt text', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- img [ref=e13]
+- img "Profile photo" [ref=e14]`;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).not.toContain('img\n');
+      expect(result).toContain('img "Profile photo"');
+    });
+
+    it('removes separator nodes', () => {
+      const input = '- separator [ref=e304]';
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).toBe('');
+    });
+
+    it('removes presentation/none roles', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- presentation [ref=e1]
+- none [ref=e2]
+- button "OK" [ref=e3]`;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).not.toContain('presentation');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('none');
+      expect(result).toContain('button "OK"');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('empty container pruning', () => {
+    it('prunes containers with no visible children', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- list [ref=e88]:
+  - listitem [ref=e89]:
+    - generic [ref=e90]:
+      - img [ref=e91]`;
+      // After filtering: generic (no text) → removed, img (no alt) → removed
+      // listitem becomes empty → pruned, list becomes empty → pruned
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).toBe('');
+    });
+
+    it('keeps containers with visible children', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- list [ref=e1]:
+  - listitem [ref=e2]:
+    - link "Home" [ref=e3]`;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input);
+      expect(result).toContain('list');
+      expect(result).toContain('listitem');
+      expect(result).toContain('link "Home"');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('maxDepth option', () => {
+    it('limits output to specified depth', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- main [ref=e1]:
+  - heading "Dashboard" [ref=e2]
+  - navigation [ref=e3]:
+    - list [ref=e4]:
+      - link "Deep link" [ref=e5]`;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input, { maxDepth: 2 });
+      expect(result).toContain('main');
+      expect(result).toContain('heading "Dashboard"');
+      // navigation is pruned: its only child list is empty after link is excluded by maxDepth
+      expect(result).not.toContain('navigation');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('Deep link');
+    });
+
+    it('handles maxDepth=0 correctly (was a bug)', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- heading "Title" [ref=e1]
+  - link "Sub" [ref=e2]`;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input, { maxDepth: 0 });
+      expect(result).toContain('heading "Title"');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('Sub');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('interactive mode', () => {
+    it('keeps interactive elements and landmarks', () => {
+      const result = formatSnapshot(GITHUB_NAV, { interactive: true });
+      // Interactive elements should be present
+      expect(result).toContain('button');
+      expect(result).toContain('link');
+      // Landmarks preserved
+      expect(result).toContain('banner');
+      expect(result).toContain('navigation');
+    });
+
+    it('filters non-interactive, non-landmark, textless nodes', () => {
+      const input = `\
+- main [ref=e1]:
+  - generic [ref=e2]:
+    - generic [ref=e3]:
+      - button "Save" [ref=e4]
+  - generic [ref=e5]: some text content`;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input, { interactive: true });
+      expect(result).toContain('main');
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Save"');
+      // generic with text is kept
+      expect(result).toContain('generic: some text content');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('compact mode', () => {
+    it('strips bracket annotations and collapses whitespace', () => {
+      const input = '- button "Save" [ref=e1] [cursor=pointer] [level=2]';
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input, { compact: true });
+      // ref/cursor already stripped, but [level=...] should also go in compact
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[level=');
+      expect(result).toContain('button');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('maxTextLength option', () => {
+    it('truncates long content lines', () => {
+      const input = '- heading "This is a very long heading that should be truncated at some point" [ref=e1]';
+      const result = formatSnapshot(input, { maxTextLength: 30 });
+      expect(result.length).toBeLessThanOrEqual(35); // some tolerance for ellipsis
+      expect(result).toContain('…');
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Real-world snapshot integration tests
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  describe('GitHub snapshot', () => {
+    it('drastically reduces nav bar output', () => {
+      const raw = GITHUB_NAV;
+      const rawLineCount = raw.split('\n').length;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(raw);
+      const resultLineCount = result.split('\n').length;
+
+      // Should significantly reduce line count
+      expect(resultLineCount).toBeLessThan(rawLineCount);
+
+      // Key content preserved
+      expect(result).toContain('link "Skip to content"');
+      expect(result).toContain('banner "Global Navigation Menu"');
+      expect(result).toContain('link "Dashboard"');
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Search or jump to…"');
+
+      // Noise removed
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[ref=');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('/url:');
+    });
+
+    it('preserves repo list structure', () => {
+      const result = formatSnapshot(GITHUB_REPOS);
+      expect(result).toContain('navigation "Repositories"');
+      expect(result).toContain('heading "Top repositories"');
+      expect(result).toContain('textbox "Find a repository…"');
+      expect(result).toContain('link "jackwener/twitter-cli"');
+      expect(result).toContain('link "jackwener/opencli"');
+      expect(result).toContain('img "Repository"');
+
+      // No refs or urls
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[ref=');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('/url:');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('Bilibili snapshot', () => {
+    it('cleans nav bar with Chinese text', () => {
+      const result = formatSnapshot(BILIBILI_NAV);
+      expect(result).toContain('link "首页"');
+      expect(result).toContain('link "番剧"');
+      expect(result).toContain('link "直播"');
+      expect(result).toContain('textbox "冷知识 金廷26年胜率100%"');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[ref=');
+    });
+
+    it('handles video card with deeply nested wrappers', () => {
+      const result = formatSnapshot(BILIBILI_VIDEO);
+      expect(result).toContain('link "超酷时刻 即将到来 3.3万 40 16:24"');
+      expect(result).toContain('heading "超酷时刻 即将到来"');
+      expect(result).toContain('generic "Tesla特斯拉中国"');
+
+      // Deeply nested view count generics with text are kept
+      expect(result).toContain('3.3万');
+    });
+
+    it('prunes empty paragraph blocks', () => {
+      const result = formatSnapshot(BILIBILI_EMPTY);
+      // All content is generic (no text) and empty paragraphs
+      // After noise filtering, everything should be pruned
+      expect(result.trim()).toBe('');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('Twitter snapshot', () => {
+    it('preserves tweet structure', () => {
+      const result = formatSnapshot(TWITTER_TWEET);
+      expect(result).toContain('main');
+      expect(result).toContain('region "Timeline"');
+      expect(result).toContain('link "@elonmusk"');
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Reply"');
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Like"');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('separator');
+    });
+
+    it('truncates long tweet text with maxTextLength', () => {
+      const result = formatSnapshot(TWITTER_TWEET, { maxTextLength: 60 });
+      // The long tweet text should be truncated
+      expect(result).toContain('…');
+      // But short elements are unaffected
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Reply"');
+    });
+
+    it('interactive mode keeps only buttons and links', () => {
+      const result = formatSnapshot(TWITTER_TWEET, { interactive: true });
+      expect(result).toContain('link "@elonmusk"');
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Reply"');
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Retweet"');
+      expect(result).toContain('button "Like"');
+      // Structural landmarks kept
+      expect(result).toContain('main');
+      expect(result).toContain('region "Timeline"');
+      expect(result).toContain('article');
+    });
+
+    it('combined options: interactive + maxDepth', () => {
+      // With maxDepth: 2 and interactive, depth > 2 is filtered.
+      // article at depth 2 has only generic children (noise-filtered),
+      // so article gets pruned by container pruning, which cascades up.
+      const result = formatSnapshot(TWITTER_TWEET, { interactive: true, maxDepth: 2 });
+      expect(result).toContain('main');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('button "Reply"');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('link "@elonmusk"');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('reduction ratios on real data', () => {
+    it('achieves significant reduction on GitHub nav', () => {
+      const rawLines = GITHUB_NAV.split('\n').length;
+      const formatted = formatSnapshot(GITHUB_NAV);
+      const formattedLines = formatted.split('\n').filter(l => l.trim()).length;
+      // Expect at least 40% reduction
+      expect(formattedLines).toBeLessThan(rawLines * 0.6);
+    });
+
+    it('achieves significant reduction on Bilibili video card', () => {
+      const rawLines = BILIBILI_VIDEO.split('\n').length;
+      const formatted = formatSnapshot(BILIBILI_VIDEO);
+      const formattedLines = formatted.split('\n').filter(l => l.trim()).length;
+      // Expect at least 30% reduction
+      expect(formattedLines).toBeLessThan(rawLines * 0.7);
+    });
+  });
+
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Full-page snapshot fixture tests (loaded from __fixtures__/)
+  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  describe('full-page snapshots from fixtures', () => {
+    const fs = require('node:fs');
+    const path = require('node:path');
+    const fixturesDir = path.join(__dirname, '__fixtures__');
+
+    function loadFixture(name: string): string | null {
+      const p = path.join(fixturesDir, name);
+      if (!fs.existsSync(p)) return null;
+      return fs.readFileSync(p, 'utf-8');
+    }
+
+    it('GitHub: significant reduction and clean output', () => {
+      const raw = loadFixture('snapshot_github.txt');
+      if (!raw) return;
+      const rawLines = raw.split('\n').length;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(raw);
+      const resultLines = result.split('\n').filter((l: string) => l.trim()).length;
+
+      // Should achieve > 50% reduction on GitHub dashboard (heavy generic noise)
+      expect(resultLines).toBeLessThan(rawLines * 0.5);
+
+      // No annotations remain
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[ref=');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[cursor=');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('/url:');
+
+      // Key content preserved
+      expect(result).toContain('link "Skip to content"');
+      expect(result).toContain('banner "Global Navigation Menu"');
+      expect(result).toContain('heading "Dashboard"');
+    });
+
+    it('Bilibili: significant reduction and Chinese text preserved', () => {
+      const raw = loadFixture('snapshot_bilibili.txt');
+      if (!raw) return;
+      const rawLines = raw.split('\n').length;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(raw);
+      const resultLines = result.split('\n').filter((l: string) => l.trim()).length;
+
+      // Should achieve > 40% reduction on Bilibili (lots of imgs and generics)
+      expect(resultLines).toBeLessThan(rawLines * 0.6);
+
+      // No annotations remain
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[ref=');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[cursor=');
+
+      // Chinese text preserved
+      expect(result).toContain('link "首页"');
+      expect(result).toContain('link "番剧"');
+    });
+
+    it('Twitter/X: significant reduction and tweet structure preserved', () => {
+      const raw = loadFixture('snapshot_twitter.txt');
+      if (!raw) return;
+      const rawLines = raw.split('\n').length;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(raw);
+      const resultLines = result.split('\n').filter((l: string) => l.trim()).length;
+
+      // Should achieve > 40% reduction on Twitter/X
+      expect(resultLines).toBeLessThan(rawLines * 0.6);
+
+      // No annotations remain
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[ref=');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('[cursor=');
+      expect(result).not.toContain('/url:');
+
+      // Key structure preserved
+      expect(result).toContain('main');
+    });
+
+    it('GitHub interactive mode: drastic reduction', () => {
+      const raw = loadFixture('snapshot_github.txt');
+      if (!raw) return;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(raw, { interactive: true });
+      const resultLines = result.split('\n').filter((l: string) => l.trim()).length;
+
+      // Interactive mode should be much more aggressive
+      expect(resultLines).toBeLessThan(200);
+
+      // Interactive elements still present
+      expect(result).toContain('button');
+      expect(result).toContain('link');
+      expect(result).toContain('textbox');
+    });
+
+    it('Bilibili maxDepth=3: shallow view', () => {
+      const raw = loadFixture('snapshot_bilibili.txt');
+      if (!raw) return;
+      const result = formatSnapshot(raw, { maxDepth: 3 });
+      const resultLines = result.split('\n').filter((l: string) => l.trim()).length;
+
+      // Depth-limited should be very compact
+      expect(resultLines).toBeLessThan(50);
+    });
+  });
+});
+
diff --git a/src/snapshotFormatter.ts b/src/snapshotFormatter.ts
index 0a5d608..8255cfd 100644
--- a/src/snapshotFormatter.ts
+++ b/src/snapshotFormatter.ts
@@ -1,35 +1,270 @@
 /**
  * Aria snapshot formatter: parses Playwright MCP snapshot text into clean format.
+ *
+ * Multi-pass pipeline:
+ * 1. Parse & filter: strip annotations, metadata, noise roles, ads, decorators
+ * 2. Deduplicate: generic/text child matching parent label
+ * 3. Deduplicate: heading + link with identical labels
+ * 4. Deduplicate: nested identical links
+ * 5. Prune: empty containers (iterative bottom-up)
+ * 6. Collapse: single-child containers
  */
 
 export interface FormatOptions {
   interactive?: boolean;
   compact?: boolean;
   maxDepth?: number;
+  maxTextLength?: number;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH = 200;
+
+// Roles that are pure noise and should always be filtered
+const NOISE_ROLES = new Set([
+  'none', 'presentation', 'separator', 'paragraph', 'tooltip', 'status',
+]);
+
+// Roles whose entire subtree should be removed (footer boilerplate, etc.)
+const SUBTREE_NOISE_ROLES = new Set([
+  'contentinfo',
+]);
+
+// Roles considered interactive (clickable/typeable)
+const INTERACTIVE_ROLES = new Set([
+  'button', 'link', 'textbox', 'checkbox', 'radio',
+  'combobox', 'tab', 'menuitem', 'option', 'switch',
+  'slider', 'spinbutton', 'searchbox',
+]);
+
+// Structural landmark roles kept even in interactive mode
+const LANDMARK_ROLES = new Set([
+  'main', 'navigation', 'banner', 'heading', 'search',
+  'region', 'list', 'listitem', 'article', 'complementary',
+  'group', 'toolbar', 'tablist',
+]);
+
+// Container roles eligible for pruning and collapse
+const CONTAINER_ROLES = new Set([
+  'list', 'listitem', 'group', 'toolbar', 'tablist',
+  'navigation', 'region', 'complementary',
+  'search', 'article', 'paragraph', 'figure',
+]);
+
+// Decorator / separator text that adds no semantic value
+const DECORATOR_TEXT = new Set(['•', '·', '|', '—', '-', '/', '\\']);
+
+// Ad-related URL patterns
+const AD_URL_PATTERNS = [
+  'googleadservices.com/pagead/',
+  'alb.reddit.com/cr?',
+  'doubleclick.net/',
+  'cm.bilibili.com/cm/api/fees/',
+];
+
+// Boilerplate button labels to filter (back-to-top, etc.)
+const BOILERPLATE_LABELS = [
+  '回到顶部', 'back to top', 'scroll to top', 'go to top',
+];
+
+/**
+ * Parse role and text from a trimmed snapshot line.
+ * Handles quoted labels and trailing text after colon correctly,
+ * including lines wrapped in single quotes by Playwright.
+ */
+function parseLine(trimmed: string): { role: string; text: string; hasText: boolean; trailingText: string } {
+  // Unwrap outer single quotes if present (Playwright wraps lines with special chars)
+  let line = trimmed;
+  if (line.startsWith("'") && line.endsWith("':")) {
+    line = line.slice(1, -2) + ':';
+  } else if (line.startsWith("'") && line.endsWith("'")) {
+    line = line.slice(1, -1);
+  }
+
+  // Role is the first word
+  const roleMatch = line.match(/^([a-zA-Z]+)\b/);
+  const role = roleMatch ? roleMatch[1].toLowerCase() : '';
+
+  // Extract quoted text content (the semantic label)
+  const textMatch = line.match(/"([^"]*)"/);
+  const text = textMatch ? textMatch[1] : '';
+
+  // For trailing text: strip annotations and quoted strings first, then check after last colon
+  // This avoids matching colons inside quoted labels like "Account: user@email.com"
+  let stripped = line;
+  // Remove all quoted strings
+  stripped = stripped.replace(/"[^"]*"/g, '""');
+  // Remove all bracket annotations
+  stripped = stripped.replace(/\[[^\]]*\]/g, '');
+
+  const colonIdx = stripped.lastIndexOf(':');
+  let trailingText = '';
+  if (colonIdx !== -1) {
+    const afterColon = stripped.slice(colonIdx + 1).trim();
+    if (afterColon.length > 0) {
+      // Get the actual trailing text from original line at same position
+      const origColonIdx = line.lastIndexOf(':');
+      if (origColonIdx !== -1) {
+        trailingText = line.slice(origColonIdx + 1).trim();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { role, text, hasText: text.length > 0 || trailingText.length > 0, trailingText };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Strip ALL bracket annotations from a content line, preserving quoted strings.
+ * Handles both double-quoted and outer single-quoted lines from Playwright.
+ */
+function stripAnnotations(content: string): string {
+  // Unwrap outer single quotes first
+  let line = content;
+  let hadOuterQuotes = false;
+  if (line.startsWith("'") && (line.endsWith("':") || line.endsWith("'"))) {
+    hadOuterQuotes = true;
+    if (line.endsWith("':")) {
+      line = line.slice(1, -2) + ':';
+    } else {
+      line = line.slice(1, -1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Split by double quotes to protect quoted content
+  const parts = line.split('"');
+  for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i += 2) {
+    // Only strip annotations from non-quoted parts (even indices)
+    parts[i] = parts[i].replace(/\s*\[[^\]]*\]/g, '');
+  }
+  let result = parts.join('"').replace(/\s{2,}/g, ' ').trim();
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a line is a metadata-only line (like /url: ...).
+ */
+function isMetadataLine(trimmed: string): boolean {
+  return /^\/[a-zA-Z]+:/.test(trimmed);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if text content is purely decorative (separators, dots, etc.)
+ */
+function isDecoratorText(text: string): boolean {
+  return DECORATOR_TEXT.has(text.trim());
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a node is ad-related based on its text content.
+ */
+function isAdNode(text: string, trailingText: string): boolean {
+  const t = (text + ' ' + trailingText).toLowerCase();
+  if (t.includes('sponsored') || t.includes('advertisement')) return true;
+  if (t.includes('广告')) return true;
+  // Check for ad tracking URLs in the label
+  for (const pattern of AD_URL_PATTERNS) {
+    if (text.includes(pattern) || trailingText.includes(pattern)) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a node is boilerplate UI (back-to-top, etc.)
+ */
+function isBoilerplateNode(text: string): boolean {
+  const t = text.toLowerCase();
+  return BOILERPLATE_LABELS.some(label => t.includes(label));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if a role is noise that should be filtered.
+ */
+function isNoiseNode(role: string, hasText: boolean, text: string, trailingText: string): boolean {
+  if (NOISE_ROLES.has(role)) return true;
+  // generic without text is a wrapper
+  if (role === 'generic' && !hasText) return true;
+  // img without alt text is noise
+  if (role === 'img' && !hasText) return true;
+  // Decorator-only text nodes
+  if ((role === 'generic' || role === 'text') && hasText) {
+    const content = trailingText || text;
+    if (isDecoratorText(content)) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+interface Entry {
+  depth: number;
+  content: string;
+  role: string;
+  text: string;
+  trailingText: string;
+  isInteractive: boolean;
+  isLandmark: boolean;
+  isSubtreeSkip: boolean; // ad nodes or boilerplate — skip entire subtree
 }
 
 export function formatSnapshot(raw: string, opts: FormatOptions = {}): string {
   if (!raw || typeof raw !== 'string') return '';
-  const lines = raw.split('\n');
-  const result: string[] = [];
-  let refCounter = 0;
 
-  for (const line of lines) {
+  const maxTextLen = opts.maxTextLength ?? DEFAULT_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH;
+  const lines = raw.split('\n');
+
+  // === Pass 1: Parse, filter, and collect entries ===
+  const entries: Entry[] = [];
+  let refCounter = 0;
+  let skipUntilDepth = -1; // When >= 0, skip all nodes at depth > this value
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+    const line = lines[i];
     if (!line.trim()) continue;
+
     const indent = line.length - line.trimStart().length;
     const depth = Math.floor(indent / 2);
-    if (opts.maxDepth && depth > opts.maxDepth) continue;
+
+    // If we're in a subtree skip zone, check depth
+    if (skipUntilDepth >= 0) {
+      if (depth > skipUntilDepth) continue; // still inside subtree
+      skipUntilDepth = -1; // exited subtree
+    }
 
     let content = line.trimStart();
 
-    // Skip non-interactive elements in interactive mode
-    if (opts.interactive) {
-      const interactiveRoles = ['button', 'link', 'textbox', 'checkbox', 'radio', 'combobox', 'tab', 'menuitem', 'option'];
-      const role = content.split(/[\s[]/)[0]?.toLowerCase() ?? '';
-      if (!interactiveRoles.some(r => role.includes(r)) && depth > 1) continue;
+    // Strip leading "- "
+    if (content.startsWith('- ')) {
+      content = content.slice(2);
     }
 
-    // Compact: strip verbose role descriptions
+    // Skip metadata lines
+    if (isMetadataLine(content)) continue;
+
+    // Apply maxDepth filter
+    if (opts.maxDepth !== undefined && depth > opts.maxDepth) continue;
+
+    const { role, text, hasText, trailingText } = parseLine(content);
+
+    // Skip noise nodes
+    if (isNoiseNode(role, hasText, text, trailingText)) continue;
+
+    // Skip subtree noise roles (contentinfo footer, etc.) — skip entire subtree
+    if (SUBTREE_NOISE_ROLES.has(role)) {
+      skipUntilDepth = depth;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Strip annotations
+    content = stripAnnotations(content);
+
+    // Check if node should trigger subtree skip (ads, boilerplate)
+    const isSubtreeSkip = isAdNode(text, trailingText) || isBoilerplateNode(text);
+
+    // Interactive mode filter
+    const isInteractive = INTERACTIVE_ROLES.has(role);
+    const isLandmark = LANDMARK_ROLES.has(role);
+
+    if (opts.interactive && !isInteractive && !isLandmark && !hasText) continue;
+
+    // Compact mode
     if (opts.compact) {
       content = content
         .replace(/\s*\[.*?\]\s*/g, ' ')
@@ -37,15 +272,168 @@ export function formatSnapshot(raw: string, opts: FormatOptions = {}): string {
         .trim();
     }
 
+    // Text truncation
+    if (maxTextLen > 0 && content.length > maxTextLen) {
+      content = content.slice(0, maxTextLen) + '…';
+    }
+
     // Assign refs to interactive elements
-    const interactivePattern = /^(button|link|textbox|checkbox|radio|combobox|tab|menuitem|option)\b/i;
-    if (interactivePattern.test(content)) {
+    if (isInteractive) {
       refCounter++;
       content = `[@${refCounter}] ${content}`;
     }
 
-    result.push('  '.repeat(depth) + content);
+    entries.push({ depth, content, role, text, trailingText, isInteractive, isLandmark, isSubtreeSkip });
   }
 
-  return result.join('\n');
+  // === Pass 2: Remove subtree-skip nodes (ads, boilerplate, contentinfo) ===
+  let noAds: Entry[] = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < entries.length; i++) {
+    const entry = entries[i];
+    if (entry.isSubtreeSkip) {
+      const skipDepth = entry.depth;
+      i++;
+      while (i < entries.length && entries[i].depth > skipDepth) {
+        i++;
+      }
+      i--;
+      continue;
+    }
+    noAds.push(entry);
+  }
+
+  // === Pass 3: Deduplicate child generic/text matching parent label ===
+  let deduped: Entry[] = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < noAds.length; i++) {
+    const entry = noAds[i];
+
+    if (entry.role === 'generic' || entry.role === 'text') {
+      let parent: Entry | undefined;
+      for (let j = deduped.length - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+        if (deduped[j].depth < entry.depth) {
+          parent = deduped[j];
+          break;
+        }
+        if (deduped[j].depth === entry.depth) break;
+      }
+
+      if (parent) {
+        const childText = entry.trailingText || entry.text;
+        if (childText && parent.text && childText === parent.text) {
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    deduped.push(entry);
+  }
+
+  // === Pass 4: Deduplicate heading + child link with identical label ===
+  // Pattern: heading "Title": → link "Title": (same text) → skip the link
+  const deduped2: Entry[] = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < deduped.length; i++) {
+    const entry = deduped[i];
+
+    if (entry.role === 'heading' && entry.text) {
+      const next = deduped[i + 1];
+      if (next && next.role === 'link' && next.text === entry.text && next.depth === entry.depth + 1) {
+        // Keep the heading, skip the link. But preserve link's children re-parented.
+        deduped2.push(entry);
+        i++; // skip the link
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    deduped2.push(entry);
+  }
+
+  // === Pass 5: Deduplicate nested identical links ===
+  const deduped3: Entry[] = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < deduped2.length; i++) {
+    const entry = deduped2[i];
+
+    if (entry.role === 'link' && entry.text) {
+      const next = deduped2[i + 1];
+      if (next && next.role === 'link' && next.text === entry.text && next.depth === entry.depth + 1) {
+        continue; // Skip parent, keep child
+      }
+    }
+
+    deduped3.push(entry);
+  }
+
+  // === Pass 6: Iteratively prune empty containers (bottom-up) ===
+  let current = deduped3;
+  let changed = true;
+  while (changed) {
+    changed = false;
+    const next: Entry[] = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < current.length; i++) {
+      const entry = current[i];
+      if (CONTAINER_ROLES.has(entry.role) && !entry.text && !entry.trailingText) {
+        let hasChildren = false;
+        for (let j = i + 1; j < current.length; j++) {
+          if (current[j].depth <= entry.depth) break;
+          if (current[j].depth > entry.depth) {
+            hasChildren = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (!hasChildren) {
+          changed = true;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      next.push(entry);
+    }
+    current = next;
+  }
+
+  // === Pass 7: Collapse single-child containers ===
+  const collapsed: Entry[] = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < current.length; i++) {
+    const entry = current[i];
+
+    if (CONTAINER_ROLES.has(entry.role) && !entry.text && !entry.trailingText) {
+      let childCount = 0;
+      let childIdx = -1;
+      for (let j = i + 1; j < current.length; j++) {
+        if (current[j].depth <= entry.depth) break;
+        if (current[j].depth === entry.depth + 1) {
+          childCount++;
+          if (childCount === 1) childIdx = j;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (childCount === 1 && childIdx !== -1) {
+        const child = current[childIdx];
+        let hasGrandchildren = false;
+        for (let j = childIdx + 1; j < current.length; j++) {
+          if (current[j].depth <= child.depth) break;
+          if (current[j].depth > child.depth) {
+            hasGrandchildren = true;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (!hasGrandchildren) {
+          const mergedContent = entry.content.replace(/:$/, '') + ' > ' + child.content;
+          collapsed.push({
+            ...entry,
+            content: mergedContent,
+            role: child.role,
+            text: child.text,
+            trailingText: child.trailingText,
+            isInteractive: child.isInteractive,
+          });
+          i++;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    collapsed.push(entry);
+  }
+
+  return collapsed.map(e => '  '.repeat(e.depth) + e.content).join('\n');
 }
diff --git a/vitest.config.ts b/vitest.config.ts
index 5664c80..5dba899 100644
--- a/vitest.config.ts
+++ b/vitest.config.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,20 @@ import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config';
 
 export default defineConfig({
   test: {
-    include: ['src/**/*.test.ts', 'tests/**/*.test.ts'],
+    projects: [
+      {
+        test: {
+          name: 'unit',
+          include: ['src/**/*.test.ts'],
+        },
+      },
+      {
+        test: {
+          name: 'e2e',
+          include: ['tests/**/*.test.ts'],
+          maxWorkers: 2,
+        },
+      },
+    ],
   },
 });