diff --git a/tests/e2e/helpers/optimize.ts b/tests/e2e/helpers/optimize.ts
index 4c3c231b..db70a080 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/helpers/optimize.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/helpers/optimize.ts
@@ -57,24 +57,49 @@ async function ensureOutputSourceView(output: import('@playwright/test').Locator
 }
 
 async function readOutputSourceText(output: import('@playwright/test').Locator) {
-  if ((await output.count()) === 0) return { kind: 'missing', text: '' }
+  // Avoid Playwright strict-mode flakiness when the same testId is transiently duplicated in the DOM.
+  // Always read from the first matched node.
+  const root = output.first()
+  if ((await root.count()) === 0) return { kind: 'missing', text: '' }
 
   // Source 视图下优先读取编辑器/textarea 的“值”，避免拿到整张卡片的 innerText
-  const cmContent = output.locator('.cm-content')
-  if ((await cmContent.count()) > 0) {
-    return { kind: 'cm', text: (await cmContent.first().innerText()).trim() }
+  try {
+    const cmContent = root.locator('.cm-content')
+    if ((await cmContent.count()) > 0) {
+      return { kind: 'cm', text: (await cmContent.first().innerText()).trim() }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // ignore and fallback
   }
 
-  const textarea = output.locator('textarea')
-  if ((await textarea.count()) > 0) {
-    return { kind: 'textarea', text: (await textarea.first().inputValue()).trim() }
+  try {
+    const textarea = root.locator('textarea')
+    if ((await textarea.count()) > 0) {
+      return { kind: 'textarea', text: (await textarea.first().inputValue()).trim() }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // ignore and fallback
   }
 
-  return { kind: 'text', text: (await output.innerText()).trim() }
+  // Render 视图：MarkdownRenderer 会渲染到 .markdown-content 容器中
+  try {
+    const markdown = root.locator('.markdown-content')
+    if ((await markdown.count()) > 0) {
+      return { kind: 'markdown', text: (await markdown.first().innerText()).trim() }
+    }
+  } catch {
+    // ignore and fallback
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return { kind: 'text', text: (await root.innerText()).trim() }
+  } catch {
+    return { kind: 'missing', text: '' }
+  }
 }
 
 export async function expectOutputByTestIdNotEmpty(page: Page, testId: string, opts?: { timeoutMs?: number }) {
-  const output = page.locator(`[data-testid="${testId}"]`)
+  const output = page.locator(`[data-testid="${testId}"]:visible`)
   const timeoutMs = opts?.timeoutMs ?? 120000
 
   await ensureOutputSourceView(output)
@@ -90,7 +115,7 @@ export async function expectOutputByTestIdNotEmpty(page: Page, testId: string, o
 export async function expectOptimizedResultNotEmpty(page: Page, mode: OptimizeWorkspaceMode) {
   const workspace = getWorkspace(page, mode)
 
-  const output = workspace.locator(`[data-testid="${mode}-output"]`)
+  const output = workspace.locator(`[data-testid="${mode}-output"]:visible`)
 
   try {
     await ensureOutputSourceView(output)
diff --git a/tests/e2e/regression/root-route-bootstrap.spec.ts b/tests/e2e/regression/root-route-bootstrap.spec.ts
index 545e9b7d..a513edc4 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/regression/root-route-bootstrap.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/regression/root-route-bootstrap.spec.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ async function waitForWorkspace(page: any, mode: string) {
   const workspace = page
     .locator(`[data-testid="workspace"][data-mode="${mode}"]`)
     .first()
-  await expect(workspace).toBeVisible({ timeout: 20000 })
+  await expect(workspace).toBeVisible({ timeout: 45000 })
 }
 
 test.describe('Root route bootstrap', () => {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ test.describe('Root route bootstrap', () => {
     // Immediately navigate to a non-root route; bootstrap logic must not replace it back.
     await page.goto('/#/image/text2image')
     await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
+    await expect(page).toHaveURL(/#\/image\/text2image/)
     await waitForWorkspace(page, 'image-text2image')
   })
 })
-
diff --git a/tests/e2e/session-persistence/image-text2image-persistence.spec.ts b/tests/e2e/session-persistence/image-text2image-persistence.spec.ts
index 5d48e834..caed7172 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/session-persistence/image-text2image-persistence.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/session-persistence/image-text2image-persistence.spec.ts
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ test.describe('Image Text2Image - Session Persistence', () => {
   test('切换文本模型后刷新页面，选择应该保留', async ({ page }) => {
     await gotoMode(page, '/#/image/text2image')
 
-    const select = await getSelectByLabel(page, /Text Model|文本模型/i)
+    const select = await getSelectByLabel(page, /Text Model|文本模型|文字模型/i)
     await select.click()
 
     const optionLocator = page.locator('.n-base-select-option')
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ test.describe('Image Text2Image - Session Persistence', () => {
     await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
     await page.waitForTimeout(1500)
 
-    const selectAfter = await getSelectByLabel(page, /Text Model|文本模型/i)
+    const selectAfter = await getSelectByLabel(page, /Text Model|文本模型|文字模型/i)
     await expect
       .poll(async () => normalizeText(await selectAfter.textContent()), { timeout: 20000 })
       .toBe(target)
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ test.describe('Image Text2Image - Session Persistence', () => {
   test('切换模板后刷新页面，选择应该保留', async ({ page }) => {
     await gotoMode(page, '/#/image/text2image')
 
-    const select = await getSelectByLabel(page, /Optimization Template|优化.*模板/i)
+    const select = await getSelectByLabel(page, /Optimization Template|优化.*模板|優化.*模板/i)
     await select.click()
 
     const optionLocator = page.locator('.n-base-select-option')
@@ -84,10 +84,9 @@ test.describe('Image Text2Image - Session Persistence', () => {
     await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
     await page.waitForTimeout(1500)
 
-    const selectAfter = await getSelectByLabel(page, /Optimization Template|优化.*模板/i)
+    const selectAfter = await getSelectByLabel(page, /Optimization Template|优化.*模板|優化.*模板/i)
     await expect
       .poll(async () => normalizeText(await selectAfter.textContent()), { timeout: 20000 })
       .toBe(target)
   })
 })
-
diff --git a/tests/e2e/workflows/p0-route-smoke.spec.ts b/tests/e2e/workflows/p0-route-smoke.spec.ts
index 2ba79c58..06c8e862 100644
--- a/tests/e2e/workflows/p0-route-smoke.spec.ts
+++ b/tests/e2e/workflows/p0-route-smoke.spec.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ test.describe('P0 route smoke', () => {
       await page.goto('/')
       await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')
 
-      // 应用初始化完成后再跳转到目标路由，避免 services/watch 初始化阶段把深链接当成根路径覆盖
+      // 应用初始化完成后再跳转到目标路由，避免 RootBootstrapRoute/globalSettings 初始化的竞态
+      // 触发一次“默认路由跳转”后再进入目标路由，更稳定。
+      await expect(page.locator('.loading-container')).toHaveCount(0, { timeout: 15000 })
+
       await page.goto(route.hashPath)
       await page.waitForLoadState('networkidle')