From f765a4fd393eb3115ecab5cb20cf6cd577e3f196 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: linshen <32978552+linshenkx@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 8 May 2026 22:46:41 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] feat(ui): improve output actions and link handling

- Clear stale history chain metadata when workspace state changes
- Centralize external URL opening behind a shared helper
- Add copy-and-open AI platform actions with localized labels
- Cover workspace and output action behavior with unit tests
---
 .../ui/src/components/FavoriteImportPanel.vue |  20 +-
 packages/ui/src/components/MainLayout.vue     |  16 +-
 .../ui/src/components/OutputDisplayCore.vue   | 217 ++++++++++++--
 .../app-layout/PromptOptimizerApp.vue         |  14 +-
 .../common/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.vue           |  20 +-
 .../image-mode/ImageText2ImageWorkspace.vue   |  20 +-
 .../workspaces/useBasicWorkspaceLogic.ts      |  15 +
 packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/en-US/core.ts    |  12 +
 packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN/core.ts    |  12 +
 packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/core.ts    |  12 +
 packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-action.ts     |  64 ++++
 packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-icons.ts      |  65 +++++
 packages/ui/src/utils/open-external-url.ts    |  28 ++
 .../integration/basic-workspace-logic.spec.ts |  78 +++++
 .../OutputDisplayCore.copy-open.spec.ts       | 276 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../components/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.spec.ts   |   2 +-
 .../unit/utils/open-external-url.spec.ts      |  77 +++++
 17 files changed, 842 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-action.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-icons.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/ui/src/utils/open-external-url.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/ui/tests/unit/components/OutputDisplayCore.copy-open.spec.ts
 create mode 100644 packages/ui/tests/unit/utils/open-external-url.spec.ts

diff --git a/packages/ui/src/components/FavoriteImportPanel.vue b/packages/ui/src/components/FavoriteImportPanel.vue
index f1b84cca..fa7c2f4f 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/components/FavoriteImportPanel.vue
+++ b/packages/ui/src/components/FavoriteImportPanel.vue
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ import { getEnvVar } from '@prompt-optimizer/core'
 import { useToast } from '../composables/ui/useToast'
 import type { AppServices } from '../types/services'
 import { getI18nErrorMessage } from '../utils/error'
+import { openExternalUrl } from '../utils/open-external-url'
 import { parsePromptGardenImportInput } from '../utils/prompt-garden-import'
 import {
   importFavoriteResourcePackage,
@@ -230,25 +231,8 @@ const handleFileChange = (options: UploadChangeParam) => {
   fileList.value = options.fileList.slice(0, 1)
 }
 
-const openExternalUrl = async (url: string) => {
-  if (!url) return
-
-  if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.electronAPI?.shell) {
-    try {
-      await window.electronAPI.shell.openExternal(url)
-      return
-    } catch (error) {
-      console.error('[PromptGarden] Failed to open external URL in Electron:', error)
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-    window.open(url, '_blank')
-  }
-}
-
 const handlePromptGardenDiscover = () => {
-  void openExternalUrl(promptGardenBaseUrl.value)
+  void openExternalUrl(promptGardenBaseUrl.value, { logPrefix: 'PromptGarden' })
 }
 
 const readFileAsArrayBuffer = (file: File) =>
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/components/MainLayout.vue b/packages/ui/src/components/MainLayout.vue
index cec8aa1e..155d10d8 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/components/MainLayout.vue
+++ b/packages/ui/src/components/MainLayout.vue
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ import { NLayout, NLayoutHeader, NLayoutContent, NFlex, NText } from 'naive-ui'
 import ToastUI from './Toast.vue'
 import logoImage from '../assets/logo.png'
 import AppPreviewImage from './media/AppPreviewImage.vue'
+import { openExternalUrl } from '../utils/open-external-url'
 
 const { t } = useI18n()
 
@@ -125,20 +126,7 @@ const logoSize = computed(() => {
 })
 
 const openBrandWebsite = async () => {
-  const url = 'https://always200.com'
-
-  if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.electronAPI?.shell) {
-    try {
-      await window.electronAPI.shell.openExternal(url)
-      return
-    } catch (error) {
-      console.error('Failed to open brand website in Electron:', error)
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-    window.open(url, '_blank')
-  }
+  await openExternalUrl('https://always200.com', { logPrefix: 'MainLayout' })
 }
 </script>
 
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/components/OutputDisplayCore.vue b/packages/ui/src/components/OutputDisplayCore.vue
index 3d1bbc5d..2a5b1fda 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/components/OutputDisplayCore.vue
+++ b/packages/ui/src/components/OutputDisplayCore.vue
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
         <!-- 右侧：操作按钮 -->
         <NFlex align="center" :size="6" :wrap="false" class="output-toolbar-actions">
           <slot name="toolbar-right-extra"></slot>
-          <NButtonGroup class="output-toolbar-action-group">
           <NButton
             v-if="isActionEnabled('favorite')"
             :data-testid="testId ? `${testId}-favorite` : 'output-favorite'"
@@ -55,21 +54,51 @@
               </NIcon>
             </template>
           </NButton>
-          <NButton
+          <div
             v-if="isActionEnabled('copy')"
-            @click="handleCopy('content')"
-            size="small"
-            quaternary
-            circle
+            class="output-copy-split-button"
+            :class="{ 'is-disabled': !hasContent }"
+            role="group"
+            :aria-label="activeCopyActionTitle"
           >
-            <template #icon>
-              <NIcon>
-                <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2">
-                  <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M8.25 7.5V6.108c0-1.135.845-2.098 1.976-2.192.373-.03.748-.03 1.125 0 1.13.094 1.976 1.057 1.976 2.192V7.5M8.25 7.5h7.5M8.25 7.5h-1.5a1.5 1.5 0 00-1.5 1.5v11.25c0 .828.672 1.5 1.5 1.5h10.5a1.5 1.5 0 001.5-1.5V9a1.5 1.5 0 00-1.5-1.5h-1.5" />
-                </svg>
-              </NIcon>
-            </template>
-          </NButton>
+            <NButton
+              :data-testid="testId ? `${testId}-copy-action` : 'output-copy-action'"
+              class="output-copy-split-primary"
+              @click="handlePrimaryCopyAction"
+              size="small"
+              quaternary
+              :disabled="!hasContent"
+              :title="activeCopyActionTitle"
+              :aria-label="activeCopyActionTitle"
+            >
+              <template #icon>
+                <NIcon>
+                  <component :is="activeCopyActionIcon" />
+                </NIcon>
+              </template>
+            </NButton>
+            <NDropdown
+              trigger="click"
+              :options="copyActionOptions"
+              @select="handleCopyActionSelect"
+            >
+              <NButton
+                :data-testid="testId ? `${testId}-copy-action-menu` : 'output-copy-action-menu'"
+                class="output-copy-split-menu"
+                size="small"
+                quaternary
+                :disabled="!hasContent"
+                :title="t('copyOpen.selectAction')"
+                :aria-label="t('copyOpen.selectAction')"
+              >
+                <template #icon>
+                  <NIcon>
+                    <ChevronDown />
+                  </NIcon>
+                </template>
+              </NButton>
+            </NDropdown>
+          </div>
           <NButton
             v-if="isActionEnabled('fullscreen')"
             @click="handleFullscreen"
@@ -85,7 +114,6 @@
               </NIcon>
             </template>
           </NButton>
-          </NButtonGroup>
         </NFlex>
       </NFlex>
 
@@ -193,15 +221,19 @@
 </template>
 
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { computed, ref, watch, nextTick, onMounted, inject, type Ref } from 'vue'
+import { computed, ref, watch, nextTick, onMounted, inject, h, type Ref } from 'vue'
 
 import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
 import {
   NCard, NButton, NButtonGroup, NIcon, NCollapse, NCollapseItem,
-  NInput, NEmpty, NSpin, NScrollbar, NFlex, NText, NSpace
+  NInput, NEmpty, NSpin, NScrollbar, NFlex, NText, NSpace, NDropdown,
+  type DropdownOption
 } from 'naive-ui'
 import { useToast } from '../composables/ui/useToast'
-import { Star } from '@vicons/tabler'
+import {
+  ChevronDown,
+  Star,
+} from '@vicons/tabler'
 import { useClipboard } from '../composables/ui/useClipboard'
 import MarkdownRenderer from './MarkdownRenderer.vue'
 import XmlRenderer from './XmlRenderer.vue'
@@ -214,6 +246,17 @@ import { useVariableManager } from '../composables/prompt/useVariableManager'
 import type { AppServices } from '../types/services'
 import { router as routerInstance } from '../router'
 import { isValidXmlContent } from '../utils/xml-renderer'
+import {
+  buildCopyOpenActionUrl,
+  COPY_OPEN_ACTIONS,
+  DEFAULT_COPY_OPEN_ACTION_ID,
+  getCopyOpenAction,
+  readCopyOpenActionFromSession,
+  writeCopyOpenActionToSession,
+  type CopyOpenActionId,
+} from '../utils/copy-open-action'
+import { copyOpenActionIconMap } from '../utils/copy-open-icons'
+import { openExternalUrl } from '../utils/open-external-url'
 
 type ActionName = 'fullscreen' | 'diff' | 'copy' | 'edit' | 'reasoning' | 'favorite'
 
@@ -344,6 +387,10 @@ const hasToolbar = computed(() =>
 // 计算属性
 const displayContent = computed(() => (props.content || '').trim())
 const displayReasoning = computed(() => (props.reasoning || '').trim())
+const copyActionWorkspacePath = computed(() => routerInstance.currentRoute.value.path || '/')
+const activeCopyActionId = ref<CopyOpenActionId>(
+  readCopyOpenActionFromSession(copyActionWorkspacePath.value),
+)
 
 const renderContentType = computed<'markdown' | 'xml'>(() => {
   if (!displayContent.value) return 'markdown'
@@ -368,6 +415,33 @@ const shouldShowReasoning = computed(() => {
   return hasReasoning.value
 })
 
+const getCopyActionPlatformLabel = (actionId: CopyOpenActionId): string => {
+  const platform = getCopyOpenAction(actionId).platform
+  return platform ? t(`copyOpen.platforms.${actionId}`) : ''
+}
+
+const activeCopyActionIcon = computed(() => copyOpenActionIconMap[activeCopyActionId.value])
+
+const activeCopyActionTitle = computed(() => {
+  if (activeCopyActionId.value === DEFAULT_COPY_OPEN_ACTION_ID) {
+    return t('common.copy')
+  }
+
+  return t('copyOpen.copyAndOpen', {
+    platform: getCopyActionPlatformLabel(activeCopyActionId.value),
+  })
+})
+
+const copyActionOptions = computed<DropdownOption[]>(() =>
+  COPY_OPEN_ACTIONS.map((action) => ({
+    key: action.id,
+    label: action.id === 'copy'
+      ? t('copyOpen.copyOnly')
+      : t('copyOpen.copyAndOpen', { platform: getCopyActionPlatformLabel(action.id) }),
+    icon: () => h(NIcon, null, { default: () => h(copyOpenActionIconMap[action.id]) }),
+  })),
+)
+
 // 推理展开/折叠状态的计算属性
 const isReasoningExpanded = computed({
   get: () => reasoningExpandedNames.value.includes('reasoning'),
@@ -386,8 +460,25 @@ const handleSourceInput = (value: string) => {
   emit('update:content', value)
 }
 
+const copyDisplayText = async (
+  textToCopy: string,
+  emitType: 'content' | 'reasoning' | 'all',
+): Promise<boolean> => {
+  if (!textToCopy) return false
+
+  try {
+    await copyText(textToCopy)
+    emit('copy', textToCopy, emitType)
+    return true
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[OutputDisplayCore] Failed to copy content:', error)
+    message.error(t('common.copyFailed'))
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
 // 复制功能
-const handleCopy = (type: 'content' | 'reasoning' | 'all') => {
+const handleCopy = async (type: 'content' | 'reasoning' | 'all') => {
   let textToCopy = ''
   const emitType: 'content' | 'reasoning' | 'all' = type
   
@@ -405,13 +496,35 @@ const handleCopy = (type: 'content' | 'reasoning' | 'all') => {
       ].filter(Boolean).join('\n\n')
       break
   }
-  
-  if (textToCopy) {
-    copyText(textToCopy)
-    emit('copy', textToCopy, emitType)
+
+  await copyDisplayText(textToCopy, emitType)
+}
+
+const handlePrimaryCopyAction = async () => {
+  const textToCopy = displayContent.value
+  const copied = await copyDisplayText(textToCopy, 'content')
+  if (!copied || activeCopyActionId.value === DEFAULT_COPY_OPEN_ACTION_ID) return
+
+  const url = buildCopyOpenActionUrl(activeCopyActionId.value)
+  if (!url) return
+
+  try {
+    await openExternalUrl(url, { logPrefix: 'OutputDisplayCore' })
+  } catch (error) {
+    console.error('[OutputDisplayCore] Failed to open external AI platform:', error)
+    message.error(t('copyOpen.openFailed'))
   }
 }
 
+const handleCopyActionSelect = async (key: string | number) => {
+  const selected = COPY_OPEN_ACTIONS.find((action) => action.id === key)
+  if (!selected) return
+
+  activeCopyActionId.value = selected.id
+  writeCopyOpenActionToSession(copyActionWorkspacePath.value, selected.id)
+  await handlePrimaryCopyAction()
+}
+
 // 全屏功能
 const handleFullscreen = () => {
   emit('fullscreen')
@@ -507,6 +620,10 @@ watch(() => props.content, (newContent, oldContent) => {
   }
 })
 
+watch(copyActionWorkspacePath, (workspacePath) => {
+  activeCopyActionId.value = readCopyOpenActionFromSession(workspacePath)
+})
+
 // 监听推理折叠状态变化
 watch(reasoningExpandedNames, (newNames) => {
   const expanded = newNames.includes('reasoning')
@@ -578,7 +695,59 @@ defineExpose({ resetReasoningState, forceRefreshContent, forceExitEditing })
   flex-shrink: 0;
 }
 
-.output-toolbar-action-group {
+.output-copy-split-button {
   flex-shrink: 0;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  height: 28px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+  color: inherit;
+  border: 1px solid color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 18%, transparent);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  background: transparent;
+}
+
+.output-copy-split-button:not(.is-disabled):hover {
+  border-color: color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 28%, transparent);
+  background: color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 6%, transparent);
+}
+
+.output-copy-split-button.is-disabled {
+  opacity: 0.5;
+}
+
+.output-copy-split-button :deep(.n-button.output-copy-split-primary),
+.output-copy-split-button :deep(.n-button.output-copy-split-menu) {
+  height: 26px;
+  border: 0 !important;
+  border-radius: 0 !important;
+  background: transparent !important;
+}
+
+.output-copy-split-button :deep(.n-button.output-copy-split-primary) {
+  min-width: 29px;
+  width: 29px;
+  padding: 0 6px;
+}
+
+.output-copy-split-button :deep(.n-button.output-copy-split-menu) {
+  position: relative;
+  min-width: 21px;
+  width: 21px;
+  padding: 0 4px;
+}
+
+.output-copy-split-button :deep(.n-button.output-copy-split-menu)::before {
+  content: '';
+  position: absolute;
+  left: 0;
+  top: 6px;
+  bottom: 6px;
+  width: 1px;
+  background: color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 18%, transparent);
+}
+
+.output-copy-split-button:not(.is-disabled) :deep(.n-button:hover) {
+  background: color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 8%, transparent) !important;
 }
 </style>
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/components/app-layout/PromptOptimizerApp.vue b/packages/ui/src/components/app-layout/PromptOptimizerApp.vue
index 5a28b1ec..dfdb0cab 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/components/app-layout/PromptOptimizerApp.vue
+++ b/packages/ui/src/components/app-layout/PromptOptimizerApp.vue
@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ import {
     resolveWorkspacePathFallback,
 } from '../../router/workspaceRoutes';
 import { createExternalDataLoadingGate } from '../../utils/external-data-loading'
+import { openExternalUrl } from '../../utils/open-external-url'
 import { registerOptionalIntegrations } from '../../integrations/registerOptionalIntegrations';
 import { useI18n } from "vue-i18n";
 import {
@@ -1976,19 +1977,6 @@ watch(
     { immediate: false },
 );
 
-const openExternalUrl = async (url: string) => {
-    if (typeof window !== "undefined" && window.electronAPI?.shell) {
-        try {
-            await window.electronAPI.shell.openExternal(url);
-        } catch (error) {
-            console.error("Failed to open external URL in Electron:", error);
-            window.open(url, "_blank");
-        }
-    } else {
-        window.open(url, "_blank");
-    }
-};
-
 const appVersion = `v${rootPackageJson.version}`;
 
 const openOfficialWebsite = async () => {
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/components/common/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.vue b/packages/ui/src/components/common/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.vue
index d259b969..bd55fa84 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/components/common/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.vue
+++ b/packages/ui/src/components/common/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.vue
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ import { getEnvVar } from '@prompt-optimizer/core'
 import SourceAssetBadge from '../source/SourceAssetBadge.vue'
 import PromptGardenImportDialog from './PromptGardenImportDialog.vue'
 import ThemedTooltip from './ThemedTooltip.vue'
+import { openExternalUrl } from '../../utils/open-external-url'
 import type { PromptGardenImportRequest } from '../../utils/prompt-garden-import'
 import type { SourceAssetRef } from '../../utils/source-asset'
 
@@ -147,23 +148,6 @@ const promptGardenBaseUrl = computed(() => {
   return getEnvVar('VITE_PROMPT_GARDEN_BASE_URL').trim().replace(/\/$/, '')
 })
 
-const openExternalUrl = async (url: string) => {
-  if (!url) return
-
-  if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.electronAPI?.shell) {
-    try {
-      await window.electronAPI.shell.openExternal(url)
-      return
-    } catch (error) {
-      console.error('[PromptGarden] Failed to open external URL in Electron:', error)
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-    window.open(url, '_blank')
-  }
-}
-
 const updateTriggerPlacement = () => {
   if (typeof window === 'undefined') return
 
@@ -252,7 +236,7 @@ const handleSelect = (key: string) => {
 
 const handleGardenSelect = (key: string) => {
   if (key === 'discover') {
-    void openExternalUrl(promptGardenBaseUrl.value)
+    void openExternalUrl(promptGardenBaseUrl.value, { logPrefix: 'PromptGarden' })
     return
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/components/image-mode/ImageText2ImageWorkspace.vue b/packages/ui/src/components/image-mode/ImageText2ImageWorkspace.vue
index 24137c97..f7d581a7 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/components/image-mode/ImageText2ImageWorkspace.vue
+++ b/packages/ui/src/components/image-mode/ImageText2ImageWorkspace.vue
@@ -937,6 +937,7 @@ import { getI18nErrorMessage } from '../../utils/error'
 import { withHistorySourceBindingMetadata } from '../../utils/history-source-binding'
 import { resolveSourceAssetRef } from '../../utils/source-asset'
 import { downloadImageSource } from '../../utils/image-download'
+import { openExternalUrl } from '../../utils/open-external-url'
 import type { PromptGardenImportRequest } from '../../utils/prompt-garden-import'
 import {
     resolveReferencePromptPreview,
@@ -1152,25 +1153,8 @@ const isPromptGardenGuideDisabled = computed(() =>
     isOptimizing.value || isIterating.value || isAnyVariantRunning.value || isExtractingFromImage.value,
 )
 
-const openExternalUrl = async (url: string) => {
-    if (!url) return
-
-    if (typeof window !== 'undefined' && window.electronAPI?.shell) {
-        try {
-            await window.electronAPI.shell.openExternal(url)
-            return
-        } catch (error) {
-            console.error('[PromptGarden] Failed to open external URL in Electron:', error)
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-        window.open(url, '_blank')
-    }
-}
-
 const handlePromptGardenDiscover = () => {
-    void openExternalUrl(promptGardenBaseUrl.value)
+    void openExternalUrl(promptGardenBaseUrl.value, { logPrefix: 'PromptGarden' })
 }
 
 const handlePromptGardenImportConfirm = async (request: PromptGardenImportRequest) => {
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/composables/workspaces/useBasicWorkspaceLogic.ts b/packages/ui/src/composables/workspaces/useBasicWorkspaceLogic.ts
index e774bb3e..249eeec9 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/composables/workspaces/useBasicWorkspaceLogic.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/composables/workspaces/useBasicWorkspaceLogic.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,12 @@ import { getI18nErrorMessage } from '../../utils/error'
 import type { IteratePayload } from '../../types/workspace'
 import { withHistorySourceBindingMetadata } from '../../utils/history-source-binding'
 
+const isHistoryRecordNotFoundError = (error: unknown): boolean => {
+  if (!error || typeof error !== 'object') return false
+  const code = 'code' in error ? (error as { code?: unknown }).code : undefined
+  return code === 'error.history.record_not_found'
+}
+
 type BasicSessionStore = {
   prompt: string
   optimizedPrompt: string
@@ -547,6 +553,15 @@ export function useBasicWorkspaceLogic(options: UseBasicWorkspaceLogicOptions) {
       currentVersions.value = []
       currentChainId.value = ''
       currentVersionId.value = ''
+
+      if (isHistoryRecordNotFoundError(error)) {
+        sessionStore.updateOptimizedResult({
+          optimizedPrompt: sessionStore.optimizedPrompt || '',
+          reasoning: sessionStore.reasoning || '',
+          chainId: '',
+          versionId: '',
+        })
+      }
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/en-US/core.ts b/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/en-US/core.ts
index 35aaa3d3..e93bbd58 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/en-US/core.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/en-US/core.ts
@@ -113,6 +113,18 @@ const messages = {
     "copy": "Copy",
     "fullscreen": "Fullscreen"
   },
+  "copyOpen": {
+    "copyOnly": "Copy only",
+    "copyAndOpen": "Copy and open {platform}",
+    "selectAction": "Choose copy action",
+    "openFailed": "Copied, but failed to open the platform",
+    "platforms": {
+      "chatgpt": "ChatGPT",
+      "claude": "Claude",
+      "gemini": "Gemini",
+      "deepseek": "DeepSeek"
+    }
+  },
   "nav": {
     "home": "Home",
     "dashboard": "Dashboard",
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN/core.ts b/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN/core.ts
index 85ffeef0..39176133 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN/core.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-CN/core.ts
@@ -113,6 +113,18 @@ const messages = {
     "copy": "复制",
     "fullscreen": "全屏"
   },
+  "copyOpen": {
+    "copyOnly": "仅复制",
+    "copyAndOpen": "复制并打开 {platform}",
+    "selectAction": "选择复制动作",
+    "openFailed": "已复制，但打开平台失败",
+    "platforms": {
+      "chatgpt": "ChatGPT",
+      "claude": "Claude",
+      "gemini": "Gemini",
+      "deepseek": "DeepSeek"
+    }
+  },
   "nav": {
     "home": "首页",
     "dashboard": "仪表盘",
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/core.ts b/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/core.ts
index fed19822..0a3a4e57 100644
--- a/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/core.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/src/i18n/locales/zh-TW/core.ts
@@ -113,6 +113,18 @@ const messages = {
     "copy": "複製",
     "fullscreen": "全螢幕"
   },
+  "copyOpen": {
+    "copyOnly": "僅複製",
+    "copyAndOpen": "複製並開啟 {platform}",
+    "selectAction": "選擇複製動作",
+    "openFailed": "已複製，但開啟平台失敗",
+    "platforms": {
+      "chatgpt": "ChatGPT",
+      "claude": "Claude",
+      "gemini": "Gemini",
+      "deepseek": "DeepSeek"
+    }
+  },
   "nav": {
     "home": "首頁",
     "dashboard": "儀表板",
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-action.ts b/packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-action.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c087f222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-action.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+export type CopyOpenActionId = 'copy' | 'chatgpt' | 'claude' | 'gemini' | 'deepseek'
+
+export interface CopyOpenAction {
+  id: CopyOpenActionId
+  platform?: 'ChatGPT' | 'Claude' | 'Gemini' | 'DeepSeek'
+  homepage?: string
+}
+
+const COPY_OPEN_ACTION_SESSION_KEY_PREFIX = 'prompt-optimizer:copy-action:'
+
+export const COPY_OPEN_ACTIONS: CopyOpenAction[] = [
+  { id: 'copy' },
+  { id: 'chatgpt', platform: 'ChatGPT', homepage: 'https://chatgpt.com/' },
+  { id: 'claude', platform: 'Claude', homepage: 'https://claude.ai/new' },
+  { id: 'gemini', platform: 'Gemini', homepage: 'https://gemini.google.com/app' },
+  { id: 'deepseek', platform: 'DeepSeek', homepage: 'https://chat.deepseek.com/' },
+]
+
+export const DEFAULT_COPY_OPEN_ACTION_ID: CopyOpenActionId = 'copy'
+
+const COPY_OPEN_ACTION_IDS = new Set<CopyOpenActionId>(
+  COPY_OPEN_ACTIONS.map((action) => action.id),
+)
+
+export const isCopyOpenActionId = (value: unknown): value is CopyOpenActionId =>
+  typeof value === 'string' && COPY_OPEN_ACTION_IDS.has(value as CopyOpenActionId)
+
+export const getCopyOpenAction = (id: CopyOpenActionId): CopyOpenAction =>
+  COPY_OPEN_ACTIONS.find((action) => action.id === id) ?? COPY_OPEN_ACTIONS[0]
+
+export const getCopyOpenActionSessionKey = (workspacePath: string): string => {
+  const normalizedPath = workspacePath.trim() || '/'
+  return `${COPY_OPEN_ACTION_SESSION_KEY_PREFIX}${normalizedPath}`
+}
+
+export const readCopyOpenActionFromSession = (workspacePath: string): CopyOpenActionId => {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return DEFAULT_COPY_OPEN_ACTION_ID
+
+  try {
+    const stored = window.sessionStorage.getItem(getCopyOpenActionSessionKey(workspacePath))
+    return isCopyOpenActionId(stored) ? stored : DEFAULT_COPY_OPEN_ACTION_ID
+  } catch {
+    return DEFAULT_COPY_OPEN_ACTION_ID
+  }
+}
+
+export const writeCopyOpenActionToSession = (
+  workspacePath: string,
+  actionId: CopyOpenActionId,
+): void => {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined') return
+
+  try {
+    window.sessionStorage.setItem(getCopyOpenActionSessionKey(workspacePath), actionId)
+  } catch {
+    // Session persistence is a convenience; the action can still run without it.
+  }
+}
+
+export const buildCopyOpenActionUrl = (actionId: CopyOpenActionId): string | null => {
+  const action = getCopyOpenAction(actionId)
+  if (action.id === 'copy') return null
+  return action.homepage ?? null
+}
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-icons.ts b/packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-icons.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e958e62d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/ui/src/utils/copy-open-icons.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import { h, type Component } from 'vue'
+import { BrandGoogle, Copy } from '@vicons/tabler'
+import type { CopyOpenActionId } from './copy-open-action'
+
+const ChatGptMark = {
+  name: 'ChatGptMark',
+  render: () => h('svg', {
+    viewBox: '0 0 24 24',
+    fill: 'none',
+    stroke: 'currentColor',
+    'stroke-width': '1.8',
+    'stroke-linecap': 'round',
+    'stroke-linejoin': 'round',
+  }, [
+    h('path', { d: 'M12 3.4a3.3 3.3 0 0 1 3 1.8 3.35 3.35 0 0 1 4 4.1 3.3 3.3 0 0 1-1.7 3 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-.6 4.9 3.3 3.3 0 0 1-4.3.1 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-5 .5 3.3 3.3 0 0 1-1-4.1 3.35 3.35 0 0 1-1.8-4.8 3.3 3.3 0 0 1 3.8-1.5A3.35 3.35 0 0 1 12 3.4Z' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'M8.5 7.1 15 10.8v7' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'M15.5 5.9v7.3L9 16.9' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'M18.4 11.8 12 15.4l-6.4-3.6' }),
+  ]),
+}
+
+const ClaudeMark = {
+  name: 'ClaudeMark',
+  render: () => h('svg', {
+    viewBox: '0 0 24 24',
+    fill: 'none',
+    stroke: 'currentColor',
+    'stroke-width': '1.8',
+    'stroke-linecap': 'round',
+    'stroke-linejoin': 'round',
+  }, [
+    h('path', { d: 'm12 3 2.6 6.4L21 12l-6.4 2.6L12 21l-2.6-6.4L3 12l6.4-2.6L12 3Z' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'm5.6 5.6 3.8 3.8' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'm18.4 5.6-3.8 3.8' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'm18.4 18.4-3.8-3.8' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'm5.6 18.4 3.8-3.8' }),
+  ]),
+}
+
+const DeepSeekMark = {
+  name: 'DeepSeekMark',
+  render: () => h('svg', {
+    viewBox: '0 0 24 24',
+    fill: 'none',
+    stroke: 'currentColor',
+    'stroke-width': '1.8',
+    'stroke-linecap': 'round',
+    'stroke-linejoin': 'round',
+  }, [
+    h('path', { d: 'M3.5 13.2c2.2-3.7 5.8-5.6 9.9-5.1 3.5.4 6.1 2.5 7.1 5.7-1.5-.9-3.1-1-4.5-.3-1.2.6-2 1.6-2.4 2.9-3.6.6-7.5-.5-10.1-3.2Z' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'M3.6 13.4c1.5 3 4.8 5 8.7 5 2.7 0 5-.9 6.6-2.5' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'M7.6 9.1c-.2-1.8-1.2-3.2-2.9-4.1 2.4-.2 4.2.7 5.4 2.6' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'M9.7 8.2c.2-1.6 1.1-2.8 2.8-3.6-.1 1.7-.8 3-2.1 4' }),
+    h('path', { d: 'M13.8 8.3c-.6 2-2.3 3.5-4.9 4.3' }),
+    h('circle', { cx: '16.7', cy: '10.8', r: '0.8', fill: 'currentColor', stroke: 'none' }),
+  ]),
+}
+
+export const copyOpenActionIconMap: Record<CopyOpenActionId, Component> = {
+  copy: Copy,
+  chatgpt: ChatGptMark,
+  claude: ClaudeMark,
+  gemini: BrandGoogle,
+  deepseek: DeepSeekMark,
+}
diff --git a/packages/ui/src/utils/open-external-url.ts b/packages/ui/src/utils/open-external-url.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af9a6bf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/ui/src/utils/open-external-url.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+export interface OpenExternalUrlOptions {
+  target?: string
+  features?: string
+  logPrefix?: string
+}
+
+export const openExternalUrl = async (
+  url: string,
+  options: OpenExternalUrlOptions = {},
+): Promise<boolean> => {
+  if (!url || typeof window === 'undefined') return false
+
+  const target = options.target ?? '_blank'
+  const features = options.features ?? 'noopener,noreferrer'
+
+  if (window.electronAPI?.shell?.openExternal) {
+    try {
+      await window.electronAPI.shell.openExternal(url)
+      return true
+    } catch (error) {
+      const prefix = options.logPrefix ?? 'openExternalUrl'
+      console.error(`[${prefix}] Failed to open external URL in Electron:`, error)
+    }
+  }
+
+  window.open(url, target, features)
+  return true
+}
diff --git a/packages/ui/tests/integration/basic-workspace-logic.spec.ts b/packages/ui/tests/integration/basic-workspace-logic.spec.ts
index 3b8d2f62..3702753f 100644
--- a/packages/ui/tests/integration/basic-workspace-logic.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/tests/integration/basic-workspace-logic.spec.ts
@@ -286,4 +286,82 @@ describe('Basic workspace logic (smoke)', () => {
     expect(sessionStore.chainId).toBe('')
     expect(sessionStore.versionId).toBe('')
   })
+
+  it('clears stale chain metadata when loading versions for a missing history chain', async () => {
+    const consoleErrorSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    const sessionStore = reactive({
+      prompt: 'original',
+      optimizedPrompt: 'optimized',
+      reasoning: 'reasoning',
+      chainId: 'missing-chain',
+      versionId: 'missing-version',
+      testContent: 'input',
+      selectedOptimizeModelKey: 'model-1',
+      selectedTestModelKey: 'model-1',
+      selectedTemplateId: 'template-1',
+      selectedIterateTemplateId: null,
+      isCompareMode: false,
+      updatePrompt: (prompt: string) => {
+        sessionStore.prompt = prompt
+      },
+      updateOptimizedResult: (payload: {
+        optimizedPrompt: string
+        reasoning?: string
+        chainId: string
+        versionId: string
+      }) => {
+        sessionStore.optimizedPrompt = payload.optimizedPrompt
+        sessionStore.reasoning = payload.reasoning || ''
+        sessionStore.chainId = payload.chainId
+        sessionStore.versionId = payload.versionId
+      },
+      updateTestContent: (content: string) => {
+        sessionStore.testContent = content
+      },
+      updateOptimizeModel: (key: string) => {
+        sessionStore.selectedOptimizeModelKey = key
+      },
+      updateTestModel: (key: string) => {
+        sessionStore.selectedTestModelKey = key
+      },
+      updateTemplate: (id: string | null) => {
+        sessionStore.selectedTemplateId = id
+      },
+      updateIterateTemplate: (id: string | null) => {
+        sessionStore.selectedIterateTemplateId = id
+      }
+    }) as any
+
+    const historyManager = {
+      getChain: vi.fn(async () => {
+        throw {
+          code: 'error.history.record_not_found',
+          message: 'Chain with ID missing-chain not found',
+        }
+      }),
+    }
+    const services = ref({
+      historyManager,
+    } as unknown as AppServices)
+
+    const logic = useBasicWorkspaceLogic({
+      services,
+      sessionStore,
+      optimizationMode: 'system',
+      promptRecordType: 'optimize'
+    })
+
+    await logic.loadVersions()
+
+    expect(historyManager.getChain).toHaveBeenCalledWith('missing-chain')
+    expect(sessionStore.optimizedPrompt).toBe('optimized')
+    expect(sessionStore.reasoning).toBe('reasoning')
+    expect(sessionStore.chainId).toBe('')
+    expect(sessionStore.versionId).toBe('')
+    expect(logic.currentChainId.value).toBe('')
+    expect(logic.currentVersions.value).toEqual([])
+    expect(logic.currentVersionId.value).toBe('')
+
+    consoleErrorSpy.mockRestore()
+  })
 })
diff --git a/packages/ui/tests/unit/components/OutputDisplayCore.copy-open.spec.ts b/packages/ui/tests/unit/components/OutputDisplayCore.copy-open.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7e30f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/ui/tests/unit/components/OutputDisplayCore.copy-open.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+import { mount, flushPromises } from '@vue/test-utils'
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { defineComponent, ref } from 'vue'
+import OutputDisplayCore from '../../../src/components/OutputDisplayCore.vue'
+
+const { copyTextMock, errorMock, currentRoute } = vi.hoisted(() => ({
+  copyTextMock: vi.fn(),
+  errorMock: vi.fn(),
+  currentRoute: {
+    value: {
+      path: '/basic/system',
+    },
+  },
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../../../src/router', () => ({
+  router: {
+    currentRoute,
+  },
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../../../src/composables/ui/useClipboard', () => ({
+  useClipboard: () => ({
+    copyText: copyTextMock,
+  }),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../../../src/composables/ui/useToast', () => ({
+  useToast: () => ({
+    error: errorMock,
+    warning: vi.fn(),
+  }),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../../../src/composables/variable/useTemporaryVariables', () => ({
+  useTemporaryVariables: () => ({
+    temporaryVariables: [],
+    setVariable: vi.fn(),
+  }),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../../../src/composables/variable/useVariableAwareInputBridge', () => ({
+  useVariableAwareInputBridge: () => ({
+    variableInputData: [],
+    handleVariableExtracted: vi.fn(),
+    handleAddMissingVariable: vi.fn(),
+  }),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('../../../src/composables/prompt/useVariableManager', () => ({
+  useVariableManager: () => ({
+    isReady: true,
+    customVariables: [],
+    allVariables: [],
+    addVariable: vi.fn(),
+  }),
+}))
+
+const NButtonStub = defineComponent({
+  name: 'NButton',
+  props: {
+    disabled: Boolean,
+  },
+  emits: ['click'],
+  template: `
+    <button v-bind="$attrs" :disabled="disabled" @click="$emit('click', $event)">
+      <slot name="icon" />
+      <slot />
+    </button>
+  `,
+})
+
+const NDropdownStub = defineComponent({
+  name: 'NDropdown',
+  props: {
+    options: {
+      type: Array,
+      default: () => [],
+    },
+  },
+  emits: ['select'],
+  template: `
+    <div>
+      <slot />
+      <button
+        v-for="option in options"
+        :key="option.key"
+        :data-testid="'copy-action-option-' + option.key"
+        @click="$emit('select', option.key)"
+      >
+        {{ option.label }}
+      </button>
+    </div>
+  `,
+})
+
+const passthroughStub = (name: string) => defineComponent({
+  name,
+  template: '<div><slot /><slot name="header" /><slot name="icon" /></div>',
+})
+
+const mountOutputDisplayCore = (content = 'Optimized prompt') =>
+  mount(OutputDisplayCore, {
+    props: {
+      content,
+      mode: 'readonly',
+      enabledActions: ['copy'],
+    },
+    global: {
+      provide: {
+        services: ref(null),
+      },
+      stubs: {
+        NButton: NButtonStub,
+        NDropdown: NDropdownStub,
+        NButtonGroup: passthroughStub('NButtonGroup'),
+        NCard: passthroughStub('NCard'),
+        NFlex: passthroughStub('NFlex'),
+        NIcon: passthroughStub('NIcon'),
+        NCollapse: passthroughStub('NCollapse'),
+        NCollapseItem: passthroughStub('NCollapseItem'),
+        NScrollbar: passthroughStub('NScrollbar'),
+        NText: passthroughStub('NText'),
+        NSpace: passthroughStub('NSpace'),
+        NEmpty: passthroughStub('NEmpty'),
+        NInput: passthroughStub('NInput'),
+        NSpin: passthroughStub('NSpin'),
+        MarkdownRenderer: passthroughStub('MarkdownRenderer'),
+        XmlRenderer: passthroughStub('XmlRenderer'),
+        TextDiffUI: passthroughStub('TextDiffUI'),
+        VariableAwareInput: passthroughStub('VariableAwareInput'),
+      },
+    },
+  })
+
+const selectCopyAction = async (
+  wrapper: ReturnType<typeof mountOutputDisplayCore>,
+  actionId: string,
+) => {
+  const dropdownCandidates = [
+    ...wrapper.findAllComponents(NDropdownStub),
+    ...wrapper.findAllComponents({ name: 'NDropdown' }),
+    ...wrapper.findAllComponents({ name: 'Dropdown' }),
+  ]
+  const dropdown = dropdownCandidates
+    .find((component) => {
+      const options = component.props('options') as Array<{ key: string }>
+      return options.some((option) => option.key === actionId)
+    })
+
+  expect(dropdown, wrapper.html()).toBeTruthy()
+  dropdown?.vm.$emit('select', actionId)
+  await flushPromises()
+}
+
+describe('OutputDisplayCore copy and open action', () => {
+  let openSpy: ReturnType<typeof vi.spyOn>
+  let originalElectronAPI: unknown
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    copyTextMock.mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    errorMock.mockClear()
+    window.sessionStorage.clear()
+    currentRoute.value = { path: '/basic/system' }
+    originalElectronAPI = window.electronAPI
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'electronAPI', {
+      configurable: true,
+      writable: true,
+      value: undefined,
+    })
+    openSpy = vi.spyOn(window, 'open').mockImplementation(() => null)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'electronAPI', {
+      configurable: true,
+      writable: true,
+      value: originalElectronAPI,
+    })
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('copies content by default without opening an AI platform', async () => {
+    const wrapper = mountOutputDisplayCore('Hello platform')
+
+    await wrapper.find('[data-testid="output-copy-action"]').trigger('click')
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(copyTextMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Hello platform')
+    expect(openSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    expect(wrapper.emitted('copy')).toEqual([[expect.any(String), 'content']])
+  })
+
+  it('stores Claude selection and immediately opens Claude after copying', async () => {
+    const wrapper = mountOutputDisplayCore('Ask with this')
+
+    await selectCopyAction(wrapper, 'claude')
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(window.sessionStorage.getItem('prompt-optimizer:copy-action:/basic/system')).toBe('claude')
+    expect(copyTextMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Ask with this')
+    expect(openSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'https://claude.ai/new',
+      '_blank',
+      'noopener,noreferrer',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('stores copy selection and immediately copies without opening a platform', async () => {
+    window.sessionStorage.setItem('prompt-optimizer:copy-action:/basic/system', 'claude')
+    const wrapper = mountOutputDisplayCore('Copy only now')
+
+    await selectCopyAction(wrapper, 'copy')
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(window.sessionStorage.getItem('prompt-optimizer:copy-action:/basic/system')).toBe('copy')
+    expect(copyTextMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Copy only now')
+    expect(openSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('uses the desktop shell bridge instead of window.open when available', async () => {
+    const openExternalMock = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'electronAPI', {
+      configurable: true,
+      writable: true,
+      value: {
+        shell: {
+          openExternal: openExternalMock,
+        },
+      },
+    })
+    const wrapper = mountOutputDisplayCore('Desktop route')
+
+    await selectCopyAction(wrapper, 'chatgpt')
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(openExternalMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://chatgpt.com/')
+    expect(openSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('keeps copy action selections isolated by workspace path', async () => {
+    const firstWrapper = mountOutputDisplayCore('Workspace one')
+
+    await selectCopyAction(firstWrapper, 'claude')
+    firstWrapper.unmount()
+    openSpy.mockClear()
+
+    currentRoute.value = { path: '/pro/multi' }
+    const secondWrapper = mountOutputDisplayCore('Workspace two')
+
+    await secondWrapper.find('[data-testid="output-copy-action"]').trigger('click')
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(window.sessionStorage.getItem('prompt-optimizer:copy-action:/basic/system')).toBe('claude')
+    expect(window.sessionStorage.getItem('prompt-optimizer:copy-action:/pro/multi')).toBeNull()
+    expect(openSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to copy when session storage contains an invalid action', async () => {
+    window.sessionStorage.setItem('prompt-optimizer:copy-action:/basic/system', 'unknown-platform')
+    const wrapper = mountOutputDisplayCore('Invalid storage')
+
+    await wrapper.find('[data-testid="output-copy-action"]').trigger('click')
+    await flushPromises()
+
+    expect(copyTextMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith('Invalid storage')
+    expect(openSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('disables the primary copy action when there is no content', () => {
+    const wrapper = mountOutputDisplayCore('')
+
+    expect(wrapper.find('[data-testid="output-copy-action"]').attributes('disabled')).toBeDefined()
+    expect(wrapper.find('[data-testid="output-copy-action-menu"]').attributes('disabled')).toBeDefined()
+  })
+})
diff --git a/packages/ui/tests/unit/components/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.spec.ts b/packages/ui/tests/unit/components/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.spec.ts
index b1b72217..f0212427 100644
--- a/packages/ui/tests/unit/components/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.spec.ts
+++ b/packages/ui/tests/unit/components/WorkspaceUtilityMenu.spec.ts
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ describe('WorkspaceUtilityMenu Prompt Garden actions', () => {
 
     await wrapper.find('[data-dropdown-key="discover"]').trigger('click')
 
-    expect(window.open).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://garden.always200.com', '_blank')
+    expect(window.open).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://garden.always200.com', '_blank', 'noopener,noreferrer')
   })
 
   it('applies pasted Garden import links through the current route query', async () => {
diff --git a/packages/ui/tests/unit/utils/open-external-url.spec.ts b/packages/ui/tests/unit/utils/open-external-url.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..502ed801
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/ui/tests/unit/utils/open-external-url.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { openExternalUrl } from '../../../src/utils/open-external-url'
+
+describe('openExternalUrl', () => {
+  let originalElectronAPI: unknown
+  let openSpy: ReturnType<typeof vi.spyOn>
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    originalElectronAPI = window.electronAPI
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'electronAPI', {
+      configurable: true,
+      writable: true,
+      value: undefined,
+    })
+    openSpy = vi.spyOn(window, 'open').mockImplementation(() => null)
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'electronAPI', {
+      configurable: true,
+      writable: true,
+      value: originalElectronAPI,
+    })
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('opens with the desktop shell bridge when available', async () => {
+    const openExternal = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined)
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'electronAPI', {
+      configurable: true,
+      writable: true,
+      value: { shell: { openExternal } },
+    })
+
+    const result = await openExternalUrl('https://example.com')
+
+    expect(result).toBe(true)
+    expect(openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.com')
+    expect(openSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to window.open in web runtime', async () => {
+    const result = await openExternalUrl('https://example.com')
+
+    expect(result).toBe(true)
+    expect(openSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'https://example.com',
+      '_blank',
+      'noopener,noreferrer',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('falls back to window.open when the desktop bridge fails', async () => {
+    const consoleErrorSpy = vi.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => {})
+    const openExternal = vi.fn().mockRejectedValue(new Error('shell failed'))
+    Object.defineProperty(window, 'electronAPI', {
+      configurable: true,
+      writable: true,
+      value: { shell: { openExternal } },
+    })
+
+    const result = await openExternalUrl('https://example.com', { logPrefix: 'Test' })
+
+    expect(result).toBe(true)
+    expect(openExternal).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://example.com')
+    expect(openSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'https://example.com',
+      '_blank',
+      'noopener,noreferrer',
+    )
+    expect(consoleErrorSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      '[Test] Failed to open external URL in Electron:',
+      expect.any(Error),
+    )
+  })
+})