diff --git a/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler_test.go b/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler_test.go
index 0f0964413..543cda1e5 100644
--- a/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/handler/openai_gateway_handler_test.go
@@ -1812,6 +1812,40 @@ func (u *openAIHTTPPassthroughFailoverUpstream) calls() []int64 {
 	return append([]int64(nil), u.accountIDs...)
 }
 
+type openAIHTTPPassthroughSSERateLimitUpstream struct {
+	service.HTTPUpstream
+	mu         sync.Mutex
+	accountIDs []int64
+}
+
+func (u *openAIHTTPPassthroughSSERateLimitUpstream) Do(_ *http.Request, _ string, accountID int64, _ int) (*http.Response, error) {
+	u.mu.Lock()
+	u.accountIDs = append(u.accountIDs, accountID)
+	u.mu.Unlock()
+	body := strings.Join([]string{
+		"event: response.created",
+		`data: {"type":"response.created","response":{"id":"resp_rate_limited"}}`,
+		"",
+		"event: response.failed",
+		`data: {"type":"response.failed","response":{"id":"resp_rate_limited","status":"failed","error":{"code":"rate_limit_exceeded","message":"Concurrency limit exceeded for account, please retry later"}}}`,
+		"",
+	}, "\n")
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+		Header: http.Header{
+			"Content-Type": []string{"text/event-stream"},
+			"Retry-After":  []string{"1"},
+		},
+		Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(body)),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (u *openAIHTTPPassthroughSSERateLimitUpstream) calls() []int64 {
+	u.mu.Lock()
+	defer u.mu.Unlock()
+	return append([]int64(nil), u.accountIDs...)
+}
+
 func (s *openAIWSFailoverHandlerAccountRepoStub) ListSchedulableByPlatform(ctx context.Context, platform string) ([]service.Account, error) {
 	out := make([]service.Account, 0, len(s.accounts))
 	for _, account := range s.accounts {
@@ -2012,6 +2046,88 @@ func TestOpenAIResponses_APIKeyPassthroughPool5xxRetriesThenExhaustsMaxSwitches(
 	require.Equal(t, "Upstream service temporarily unavailable", gjson.GetBytes(rec.Body.Bytes(), "error.message").String())
 }
 
+func TestOpenAIResponses_APIKeyPassthroughSSERateLimitUsesConfiguredPoolRetry(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	groupID := int64(4204)
+	accounts := []service.Account{
+		{
+			ID: 9912, Name: "pool-sse-rate-limit", Platform: service.PlatformOpenAI,
+			Type: service.AccountTypeAPIKey, Status: service.StatusActive, Schedulable: true, Priority: 1,
+			Credentials: map[string]any{
+				"api_key":                      "sk-pool",
+				"base_url":                     "https://api.example.test",
+				"pool_mode":                    true,
+				"pool_mode_retry_count":        float64(1),
+				"pool_mode_retry_status_codes": []any{float64(http.StatusTooManyRequests)},
+			},
+			Extra: map[string]any{"openai_passthrough": true},
+		},
+	}
+	cfg := &config.Config{RunMode: config.RunModeSimple}
+	cfg.Default.RateMultiplier = 1
+	cfg.Security.URLAllowlist.Enabled = false
+	cfg.Gateway.MaxAccountSwitches = 1
+
+	accountRepo := &openAIWSFailoverHandlerAccountRepoStub{accounts: accounts}
+	upstream := &openAIHTTPPassthroughSSERateLimitUpstream{}
+	billingCacheSvc := service.NewBillingCacheService(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg, nil)
+	t.Cleanup(billingCacheSvc.Stop)
+	gatewaySvc := service.NewOpenAIGatewayService(
+		accountRepo,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		cfg,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		service.NewBillingService(cfg, nil),
+		nil,
+		billingCacheSvc,
+		upstream,
+		&service.DeferredService{},
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+	)
+	h := NewOpenAIGatewayHandler(
+		gatewaySvc,
+		service.NewConcurrencyService(nil),
+		billingCacheSvc,
+		service.NewAPIKeyService(nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, cfg),
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		nil,
+		cfg,
+	)
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(rec)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/openai/v1/responses", strings.NewReader(`{"model":"gpt-5.6-sol","input":"hello","stream":true}`))
+	c.Request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+	c.Set(string(middleware.ContextKeyAPIKey), &service.APIKey{
+		ID: 1804, GroupID: &groupID,
+		User:  &service.User{ID: 1704, Status: service.StatusActive},
+		Group: &service.Group{ID: groupID, Platform: service.PlatformOpenAI, Status: service.StatusActive},
+	})
+	c.Set(string(middleware.ContextKeyUser), middleware.AuthSubject{UserID: 1704, Concurrency: 0})
+
+	h.Responses(c)
+
+	require.Equal(t, []int64{9912, 9912}, upstream.calls())
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusTooManyRequests, rec.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, "1", rec.Header().Get("Retry-After"))
+	require.Equal(t, "rate_limit_error", gjson.GetBytes(rec.Body.Bytes(), "error.type").String())
+	require.Equal(t, "Upstream rate limit exceeded, please retry later", gjson.GetBytes(rec.Body.Bytes(), "error.message").String())
+}
+
 func TestOpenAIResponsesWebSocket_FailoverOnUpstreamUsageLimitEvent(t *testing.T) {
 	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
 
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/openai_compact_sse_keepalive_test.go b/backend/internal/service/openai_compact_sse_keepalive_test.go
index 1efed7e9e..95ee4ce76 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_compact_sse_keepalive_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_compact_sse_keepalive_test.go
@@ -284,6 +284,20 @@ func TestOpenAICompactKeepaliveAdjustedWrittenSize_ExcludesHeartbeatBytes(t *tes
 	require.Contains(t, rec.Body.String(), ": keepalive\n\n")
 }
 
+func TestOpenAIStreamClientOutputStarted_IgnoresCompactKeepaliveBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _ := newCompactBridgeTestContext(t, true)
+	stop := StartOpenAICompactSSEKeepalive(c, keepaliveTestInterval)
+	defer stop()
+	waitForKeepaliveBeats()
+
+	require.True(t, c.Writer.Written())
+	require.False(t, openAIStreamClientOutputStarted(c, false), "keepalive comments are not semantic output")
+
+	_, err := c.Writer.Write([]byte("real-output"))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.True(t, openAIStreamClientOutputStarted(c, false))
+}
+
 // fast policy block 在心跳未提交时保持 403 JSON 原语义。
 func TestWriteOpenAIFastPolicyBlockedResponse_BeforeKeepaliveCommit(t *testing.T) {
 	c, rec := newCompactBridgeTestContext(t, true)
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_chat_completions.go b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_chat_completions.go
index 8a8349b5f..171a6c880 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_chat_completions.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_chat_completions.go
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleChatBufferedStreamingResponse(
 		}
 		message := openAICompatFailedResponseMessage(finalResponse)
 		if openAIStreamFailedEventShouldFailover(payload, message) {
-			return nil, s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, requestID, payload, message)
+			return nil, s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, requestID, payload, message, resp.Header)
 		}
 		message = s.recordOpenAIStreamUpstreamError(c, account, false, requestID, "http_error", payload, message)
 		// response.failed 到达在 HTTP 200 SSE 流上，无真实 HTTP 错误码；统一走语义
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleChatStreamingResponse(
 				return true
 			}
 			if openAIStreamFailedEventShouldFailover(payloadBytes, message) {
-				streamFailoverErr = s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, requestID, payloadBytes, message)
+				streamFailoverErr = s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, requestID, payloadBytes, message, resp.Header)
 				return true
 			}
 			message = s.recordOpenAIStreamUpstreamError(c, account, false, requestID, "http_error", payloadBytes, message)
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_messages.go b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_messages.go
index 63a39826b..a5836a90d 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_messages.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_messages.go
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleAnthropicBufferedStreamingResponse(
 		}
 		message := openAICompatFailedResponseMessage(finalResponse)
 		if openAIStreamFailedEventShouldFailover(payload, message) {
-			return nil, s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, requestID, payload, message)
+			return nil, s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, requestID, payload, message, resp.Header)
 		}
 		message = s.recordOpenAIStreamUpstreamError(c, account, false, requestID, "http_error", payload, message)
 		// 统一走语义状态推断 + body 归一化（与 /v1/responses 路径一致），
@@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleAnthropicStreamingResponse(
 				// two model streams together. Surface a proper Anthropic error event
 				// instead of returning a failover error that the handler cannot retry.
 				if !clientOutputStarted && openAIStreamFailedEventShouldFailover(payloadBytes, message) {
-					streamFailoverErr = s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, requestID, payloadBytes, message)
+					streamFailoverErr = s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, requestID, payloadBytes, message, resp.Header)
 					return true
 				}
 				message = s.recordOpenAIStreamUpstreamError(c, account, false, requestID, "http_error", payloadBytes, message)
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_passthrough.go b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_passthrough.go
index 2e61b6013..04990dc76 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_passthrough.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_passthrough.go
@@ -738,7 +738,13 @@ func openAIStreamClientOutputStarted(c *gin.Context, localStarted bool) bool {
 	if localStarted {
 		return true
 	}
-	return c != nil && c.Writer != nil && c.Writer.Written()
+	if c == nil || c.Writer == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	// compact keepalive comments commit the HTTP response as 200, but they are
+	// not semantic model output and therefore must not block a safe retry.
+	// Without a compact keepalive this is equivalent to checking Writer.Size().
+	return OpenAICompactKeepaliveAdjustedWrittenSize(c) >= 0
 }
 
 func openAIStreamEventIsPreamble(eventType string) bool {
@@ -776,10 +782,10 @@ func openAIStreamFailedEventSemanticStatus(payload []byte, message string) int {
 	}
 	combined := strings.TrimSpace(errType + " " + code + " " + strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(message)))
 	switch {
-	case strings.Contains(errType, "invalid_request"):
-		return http.StatusBadRequest
 	case strings.Contains(combined, "rate_limit"):
 		return http.StatusTooManyRequests
+	case strings.Contains(errType, "invalid_request"):
+		return http.StatusBadRequest
 	case strings.Contains(combined, "authentication") || strings.Contains(combined, "unauthorized") || strings.Contains(combined, "invalid_api_key"):
 		return http.StatusUnauthorized
 	case strings.Contains(combined, "permission") || strings.Contains(combined, "forbidden") || strings.Contains(combined, "access denied"):
@@ -791,6 +797,19 @@ func openAIStreamFailedEventSemanticStatus(payload []byte, message string) int {
 	}
 }
 
+func openAIStreamFailureStatus(payload []byte, message string) int {
+	if len(bytes.TrimSpace(payload)) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(payload) {
+		return http.StatusBadGateway
+	}
+	// Keep the existing 502 failover behavior for other response.failed events.
+	// Only rate limits need promotion because they participate in the account's
+	// configurable 429 same-account retry policy.
+	if openAIStreamFailedEventSemanticStatus(payload, message) == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		return http.StatusTooManyRequests
+	}
+	return http.StatusBadGateway
+}
+
 func openAIStreamFailedEventPassthroughBody(payload []byte, failedMessage string) []byte {
 	if len(payload) == 0 || !gjson.ValidBytes(payload) {
 		return payload
@@ -867,6 +886,12 @@ func openAIStreamFailedEventShouldFailover(payload []byte, message string) bool
 	if isOpenAIContextWindowError(message, payload) {
 		return false
 	}
+	// A response.failed event is transported over HTTP 200. Prefer its semantic
+	// rate-limit status over a generic/invalid_request error type so it can enter
+	// the same 429 retry policy as a regular upstream HTTP response.
+	if openAIStreamFailureStatus(payload, message) == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		return true
+	}
 	if isOpenAITransientProcessingError(http.StatusBadRequest, message, payload) {
 		return true
 	}
@@ -921,6 +946,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) recordOpenAIStreamUpstreamError(
 	if message == "" {
 		message = "OpenAI upstream response failed"
 	}
+	statusCode := openAIStreamFailureStatus(payload, message)
 	detail := ""
 	if len(payload) > 0 && s != nil && s.cfg != nil && s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBody {
 		maxBytes := s.cfg.Gateway.LogUpstreamErrorBodyMaxBytes
@@ -930,10 +956,10 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) recordOpenAIStreamUpstreamError(
 		detail = truncateString(string(payload), maxBytes)
 	}
 	if c != nil {
-		setOpsUpstreamError(c, http.StatusBadGateway, message, detail)
+		setOpsUpstreamError(c, statusCode, message, detail)
 		event := OpsUpstreamErrorEvent{
 			Platform:           PlatformOpenAI,
-			UpstreamStatusCode: http.StatusBadGateway,
+			UpstreamStatusCode: statusCode,
 			UpstreamRequestID:  strings.TrimSpace(upstreamRequestID),
 			Passthrough:        passthrough,
 			Kind:               kind,
@@ -957,21 +983,35 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(
 	upstreamRequestID string,
 	payload []byte,
 	message string,
+	responseHeaders ...http.Header,
 ) *UpstreamFailoverError {
 	message = sanitizeUpstreamErrorMessage(strings.TrimSpace(message))
 	if message == "" {
 		message = "OpenAI stream disconnected before completion"
 	}
+	statusCode := openAIStreamFailureStatus(payload, message)
+	var headers http.Header
+	if len(responseHeaders) > 0 && responseHeaders[0] != nil {
+		headers = responseHeaders[0].Clone()
+	}
+	// 流内 failed 事件承载于 HTTP 200，响应头是正常配额快照而非限流信号，
+	// 不写账号级限流/封禁状态；重试与切号由 failover 引擎按
+	// StatusCode/RetryableOnSameAccount 决定。
 	message = s.recordOpenAIStreamUpstreamError(c, account, passthrough, upstreamRequestID, "failover", payload, message)
+	errType := "upstream_error"
+	if statusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests {
+		errType = "rate_limit_error"
+	}
 	body, _ := json.Marshal(gin.H{
 		"error": gin.H{
-			"type":    "upstream_error",
+			"type":    errType,
 			"message": message,
 		},
 	})
 	return &UpstreamFailoverError{
-		StatusCode:             http.StatusBadGateway,
+		StatusCode:             statusCode,
 		ResponseBody:           body,
+		ResponseHeaders:        headers,
 		RetryableOnSameAccount: openAIStreamFailedEventRetryableOnSameAccount(account, payload, message),
 	}
 }
@@ -1127,7 +1167,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleStreamingResponsePassthrough(
 					}
 					if openAIStreamFailedEventShouldFailover(dataBytes, failedMessage) {
 						return resultWithUsage(),
-							s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, true, upstreamRequestID, dataBytes, failedMessage)
+							s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, true, upstreamRequestID, dataBytes, failedMessage, resp.Header)
 					}
 				}
 				forceFlushFailedEvent = true
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_response_handling.go b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_response_handling.go
index 7c1072402..2a1993c46 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_response_handling.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_response_handling.go
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ func (s *OpenAIGatewayService) handleStreamingResponseWithReasoning(ctx context.
 					}
 					if openAIStreamFailedEventShouldFailover(dataBytes, failedMessage) {
 						sawFailedEvent = true
-						streamEarlyErr = s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, upstreamRequestID, dataBytes, failedMessage)
+						streamEarlyErr = s.newOpenAIStreamFailoverError(c, account, false, upstreamRequestID, dataBytes, failedMessage, resp.Header)
 						return
 					}
 				}
diff --git a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service_test.go b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service_test.go
index 3190aa974..616f0f2f6 100644
--- a/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/service/openai_gateway_service_test.go
@@ -1577,6 +1577,117 @@ func TestOpenAIStreamingResponseFailedBeforeOutputServerOverloadedCodeReturnsFai
 	require.Empty(t, rec.Body.String())
 }
 
+func TestOpenAIStreamingResponseFailedBeforeOutputRateLimitUsesPoolRetryPolicy(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Gateway: config.GatewayConfig{
+			StreamDataIntervalTimeout: 0,
+			StreamKeepaliveInterval:   0,
+			MaxLineSize:               defaultMaxLineSize,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{cfg: cfg}
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(rec)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
+
+	resp := &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+		Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(strings.Join([]string{
+			"event: response.created",
+			`data: {"type":"response.created","response":{"id":"resp_1"}}`,
+			"",
+			"event: response.failed",
+			`data: {"type":"response.failed","response":{"id":"resp_1","status":"failed","error":{"code":"rate_limit_exceeded","message":"Concurrency limit exceeded for account, please retry later"}}}`,
+			"",
+		}, "\n"))),
+		Header: http.Header{
+			"X-Request-Id": []string{"rid-rate-limit-failed"},
+			"Retry-After":  []string{"1"},
+		},
+	}
+	account := &Account{
+		ID:       1,
+		Platform: PlatformOpenAI,
+		Type:     AccountTypeAPIKey,
+		Name:     "pool-account",
+		Credentials: map[string]any{
+			"pool_mode":                    true,
+			"pool_mode_retry_count":        float64(1),
+			"pool_mode_retry_status_codes": []any{float64(http.StatusTooManyRequests)},
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err := svc.handleStreamingResponse(c.Request.Context(), resp, c, account, time.Now(), "model", "model")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	var failoverErr *UpstreamFailoverError
+	require.ErrorAs(t, err, &failoverErr)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusTooManyRequests, failoverErr.StatusCode)
+	require.True(t, failoverErr.RetryableOnSameAccount)
+	require.Equal(t, "1", failoverErr.ResponseHeaders.Get("Retry-After"))
+	require.Equal(t, "rate_limit_error", gjson.GetBytes(failoverErr.ResponseBody, "error.type").String())
+	require.Contains(t, string(failoverErr.ResponseBody), "Concurrency limit exceeded")
+	require.False(t, c.Writer.Written())
+	require.Empty(t, rec.Body.String())
+
+	opsVal, ok := c.Get(OpsUpstreamErrorsKey)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	opsEvents, ok := opsVal.([]*OpsUpstreamErrorEvent)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, opsEvents)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusTooManyRequests, opsEvents[len(opsEvents)-1].UpstreamStatusCode)
+}
+
+// 流内 rate limit 只产生 failover 错误，不写账号级限流/封禁状态：
+// HTTP 200 流的 x-codex-* 头是正常配额快照，不能按 429 头驱动账号冷却。
+func TestOpenAIStreamingResponseFailedRateLimitDoesNotBlockAccountScheduling(t *testing.T) {
+	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Gateway: config.GatewayConfig{
+			StreamDataIntervalTimeout: 0,
+			StreamKeepaliveInterval:   0,
+			MaxLineSize:               defaultMaxLineSize,
+		},
+	}
+	svc := &OpenAIGatewayService{cfg: cfg}
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := gin.CreateTestContext(rec)
+	c.Request = httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", nil)
+
+	resp := &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+		Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(strings.Join([]string{
+			"event: response.created",
+			`data: {"type":"response.created","response":{"id":"resp_1"}}`,
+			"",
+			"event: response.failed",
+			`data: {"type":"response.failed","response":{"id":"resp_1","status":"failed","error":{"code":"rate_limit_exceeded","message":"Concurrency limit exceeded for account, please retry later"}}}`,
+			"",
+		}, "\n"))),
+		Header: http.Header{
+			"X-Codex-Primary-Used-Percent":        []string{"12"},
+			"X-Codex-Primary-Reset-After-Seconds": []string{"604800"},
+			"Retry-After":                         []string{"1"},
+		},
+	}
+	account := &Account{
+		ID:       11,
+		Platform: PlatformOpenAI,
+		Type:     AccountTypeOAuth,
+		Name:     "oauth-account",
+	}
+
+	_, err := svc.handleStreamingResponse(c.Request.Context(), resp, c, account, time.Now(), "model", "model")
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	var failoverErr *UpstreamFailoverError
+	require.ErrorAs(t, err, &failoverErr)
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusTooManyRequests, failoverErr.StatusCode)
+	require.False(t, failoverErr.RetryableOnSameAccount)
+	require.False(t, svc.isOpenAIAccountRuntimeBlocked(account))
+}
+
 func TestOpenAIStreamingResponseFailedAfterOutputSanitizesVerboseResponseForClient(t *testing.T) {
 	gin.SetMode(gin.TestMode)
 	cfg := &config.Config{