diff --git a/internal/logic/admin/model.go b/internal/logic/admin/model.go
index 46919fd..78c0438 100644
--- a/internal/logic/admin/model.go
+++ b/internal/logic/admin/model.go
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func (s *sAdmin) ListModels(ctx context.Context, req *v1.ModelListReq) (*v1.Mode
 		MaxOutputTokens  int         `json:"max_output_tokens"`
 		Capabilities     string      `json:"capabilities"`
 		Description      string      `json:"description"`
-		Tags             string      `json:"tags"`
+		Tags             []string    `json:"tags"`
 		CreatedAt        *gtime.Time `json:"created_at"`
 		UpdatedAt        *gtime.Time `json:"updated_at"`
 		DeprecatedAt     *gtime.Time `json:"deprecated_at"`
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func (s *sAdmin) ListModels(ctx context.Context, req *v1.ModelListReq) (*v1.Mode
 			MaxOutput:    m.MaxOutputTokens,
 			Capabilities: parseCapabilities(m.Capabilities),
 			Description:  m.Description,
-			Tags:         parseTagsArray(m.Tags),
+			Tags:         m.Tags,
 			CreatedAt:    m.CreatedAt.String(),
 			UpdatedAt:    m.UpdatedAt.String(),
 		}
@@ -362,10 +362,6 @@ func (s *sAdmin) DeleteModel(ctx context.Context, req *v1.ModelDeleteReq) (*v1.M
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func parseTagsArray(tags string) []string {
-	return parsePgArray(tags)
-}
-
 func parseCapabilities(raw string) map[string]bool {
 	if raw == "" || raw == "{}" {
 		return nil
diff --git a/internal/logic/admin/model_import_export.go b/internal/logic/admin/model_import_export.go
index ad5dc90..452d74a 100644
--- a/internal/logic/admin/model_import_export.go
+++ b/internal/logic/admin/model_import_export.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"io"
 	"net/url"
-	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/gogf/gf/v2/database/gdb"
 	"github.com/gogf/gf/v2/errors/gcode"
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ func (s *sAdmin) ExportModelsJson(ctx context.Context, req *v1.ModelExportJsonRe
 		MaxContextTokens int         `orm:"max_context_tokens" json:"max_context_tokens"`
 		MaxOutputTokens  int         `orm:"max_output_tokens" json:"max_output_tokens"`
 		Description      string      `orm:"description" json:"description"`
-		Tags             string      `orm:"tags" json:"tags"`
+		Tags             []string    `orm:"tags" json:"tags"`
 		Capabilities     string      `orm:"capabilities" json:"capabilities"`
 		SunsetDate       *gtime.Time `orm:"sunset_date" json:"sunset_date"`
 		ReplacementModel string      `orm:"replacement_model" json:"replacement_model"`
@@ -120,9 +119,7 @@ func (s *sAdmin) ExportModelsJson(ctx context.Context, req *v1.ModelExportJsonRe
 		if m.SunsetDate != nil {
 			em.SunsetDate = m.SunsetDate.Format("Y-m-d")
 		}
-		if m.Tags != "" {
-			em.Tags = parsePgArray(m.Tags)
-		}
+		em.Tags = m.Tags
 		result = append(result, em)
 	}
 
@@ -334,15 +331,3 @@ func (s *sAdmin) ImportModels(ctx context.Context, req *v1.ModelImportReq) (*v1.
 
 	return res, err
 }
-
-// parsePgArray 解析 PostgreSQL 数组格式的字符串，如 {tag1,tag2}
-func parsePgArray(raw string) []string {
-	if raw == "" || raw == "{}" || raw == "NULL" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	s := strings.Trim(raw, "{}")
-	if s == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return strings.Split(s, ",")
-}
diff --git a/relay/channel/deepseek/adaptor.go b/relay/channel/deepseek/adaptor.go
index cc45e31..c6a4cd8 100644
--- a/relay/channel/deepseek/adaptor.go
+++ b/relay/channel/deepseek/adaptor.go
@@ -108,9 +108,13 @@ func injectStreamOptions(rawMap map[string]json.RawMessage, info *common.RelayIn
 
 // injectThinkingParams 根据 RelayInfo 中的思考后缀注入 DeepSeek 思考模式参数。
 //
-// DeepSeek 思考模式参数说明：
-//   - thinking.type: "enabled"(默认) / "disabled"
-//   - reasoning_effort: "high"(默认) / "max"，兼容映射：low/medium→high, xhigh→max
+// DeepSeek 两类模型的参数差异：
+//   - V3 思考版（deepseek-chat）：通过 thinking.type: "enabled"/"disabled" 控制；启用时需要 budget_tokens
+//   - R1 系列（deepseek-reasoner）：不识别 thinking 参数，通过 reasoning_effort: "none"/"low"/"high"/"max" 控制
+//
+// 关闭思考时同时注入两个参数，兼容两类模型：
+//   - thinking.type: "disabled"（V3 识别）
+//   - reasoning_effort: "none"（R1 识别）
 //
 // 注入优先级：客户端已显式设置 > 后缀路由注入 > 不干预（保留 DeepSeek 默认行为）
 func injectThinkingParams(rawMap map[string]json.RawMessage, info *common.RelayInfo) map[string]json.RawMessage {
@@ -120,16 +124,18 @@ func injectThinkingParams(rawMap map[string]json.RawMessage, info *common.RelayI
 	}
 
 	// -nothinking 后缀：显式关闭思考
+	// V3 模型：thinking.type: "disabled" 生效
+	// R1 模型：thinking 参数被忽略，需 reasoning_effort: "none" 才能关闭思考
 	if info.ThinkingDisabled {
 		rawMap["thinking"] = json.RawMessage(`{"type":"disabled"}`)
-		// 关闭思考时清理 reasoning_effort
-		delete(rawMap, "reasoning_effort")
+		rawMap["reasoning_effort"] = json.RawMessage(`"none"`)
 		return rawMap
 	}
 
 	// -thinking 后缀：显式开启思考 + 可选 effort
+	// budget_tokens 为 V3 思考版必需字段，R1 模型忽略此参数
 	if info.ThinkingEnabled {
-		rawMap["thinking"] = json.RawMessage(`{"type":"enabled"}`)
+		rawMap["thinking"] = json.RawMessage(`{"type":"enabled","budget_tokens":16000}`)
 		rawMap = injectReasoningEffort(rawMap, info)
 		return rawMap
 	}