diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 3129a4f..6a672c1 100644
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diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
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+name = "zeroize"
+version = "1.9.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e13084392c5e4bc371903e2935a5eaeed24905a7511356b883835e18a78f6879"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerotrie"
+version = "0.2.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ea269c3bd32f0a32c321907a2ae912ba6f4649bb0fc764a15627e99a7095a3f"
+dependencies = [
+ "displaydoc",
+ "yoke 0.8.3",
+ "zerofrom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerovec"
+version = "0.11.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bb0464e17806c1d976d5cba29399c7f08e516e279e2ba493f63123b5fca67dd8"
+dependencies = [
+ "yoke 0.8.3",
+ "zerofrom",
+ "zerovec-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerovec-derive"
+version = "0.11.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "34df6fc39dbd26ddc9c10e6a2984476e13acce22e64e4487636ef494369225da"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 3.0.9",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zip"
+version = "8.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2d04a6b5381502aa6087c94c669499eb1602eb9c5e8198e534de571f7154809b"
+dependencies = [
+ "crc32fast",
+ "indexmap",
+ "memchr",
+ "typed-path",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zmij"
+version = "1.0.23"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "29666d0abbfad1e3dc4dcf6144730dd3a3ab225bbbdac83319345b1b44ccfc1b"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa4bf66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+[workspace]
+resolver = "2"
+members = [
+    "crates/ttree-core",
+    "crates/ttree-storage",
+    "crates/ttree-platform-macos",
+    "crates/ttree-ocr",
+    "crates/ttree-translate",
+    "crates/ttree-ai",
+    "crates/ttree-app",
+]
+
+[workspace.package]
+version = "0.2.0"
+edition = "2021"
+authors = ["ZASENJC"]
+license = "MIT"
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+anyhow = "1"
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1"
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
+reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["json", "stream", "cookies"] }
+futures-util = "0.3"
+url = "2"
+urlencoding = "2"
+tempfile = "3"
+dirs = "6"
+auto-launch = "0.5"
+global-hotkey = "0.8"
+core-foundation = "0.10"
+security-framework = "3"
+objc2 = "0.6"
+objc2-foundation = { version = "0.3", features = [
+    "NSArray",
+    "NSAttributedString",
+    "NSBundle",
+    "NSData",
+    "NSDictionary",
+    "NSError",
+    "NSGeometry",
+    "NSObject",
+    "NSProcessInfo",
+    "NSRange",
+    "NSRunLoop",
+    "NSString",
+    "NSThread",
+    "NSTimer",
+    "NSURL",
+    "NSValue",
+] }
+objc2-core-foundation = "0.3"
+objc2-core-graphics = { version = "0.3", features = [
+    "CGBitmapContext",
+    "CGColorSpace",
+    "CGContext",
+    "CGEvent",
+    "CGEventTypes",
+    "CGImage",
+    "CGRemoteOperation",
+] }
+objc2-core-image = { version = "0.3", features = ["CIContext"] }
+objc2-core-ml = { version = "0.3", features = ["MLCPUComputeDevice", "MLComputeDeviceProtocol"] }
+objc2-image-io = { version = "0.3", features = ["CGImageSource"] }
+objc2-vision = { version = "0.3", features = [
+    "objc2-core-graphics",
+    "objc2-core-ml",
+    "VNRequest",
+    "VNRecognizeTextRequest",
+    "VNObservation",
+    "VNRequestHandler",
+    "VNTypes",
+] }
+objc2-app-kit = { version = "0.3", features = [
+    "NSApplication",
+    "NSBezierPath",
+    "NSBox",
+    "NSButton",
+    "NSButtonCell",
+    "NSCell",
+    "NSColor",
+    "NSControl",
+    "NSEvent",
+    "NSFont",
+    "NSGraphics",
+    "NSImage",
+    "NSMenu",
+    "NSMenuItem",
+    "NSOpenPanel",
+    "NSPanel",
+    "NSPasteboard",
+    "NSPasteboardItem",
+    "NSPopUpButton",
+    "NSResponder",
+    "NSRunningApplication",
+    "NSSavePanel",
+    "NSScreen",
+    "NSScrollView",
+    "NSSecureTextField",
+    "NSSegmentedControl",
+    "NSSlider",
+    "NSStatusBar",
+    "NSStatusBarButton",
+    "NSStatusItem",
+    "NSText",
+    "NSTextContainer",
+    "NSTextField",
+    "NSTextFieldCell",
+    "NSTextStorage",
+    "NSTextView",
+    "NSView",
+    "NSVisualEffectView",
+    "NSWindow",
+    "objc2-core-foundation",
+] }
+objc2-quartz-core = { version = "0.3", features = ["CALayer"] }
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ai/Cargo.toml b/crates/ttree-ai/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64c1423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ai/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+[package]
+name = "ttree-ai"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+ttree-core = { path = "../ttree-core" }
+anyhow.workspace = true
+futures-util.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+url.workspace = true
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
+candle-core = { version = "0.11.0", features = ["metal", "accelerate"] }
+candle-transformers = { version = "0.11.0", features = ["metal", "accelerate"] }
+
+[target.'cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))'.dependencies]
+candle-core = { version = "0.11.0" }
+candle-transformers = { version = "0.11.0" }
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ai/src/gguf.rs b/crates/ttree-ai/src/gguf.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac0cdec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ai/src/gguf.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+//! 纯 Rust `Candle` 本地 `.gguf` 量化模型直接加载与流式推理（支持 macOS Metal GPU 加速）。
+//!
+//! 核心亮点：
+//! 1. 直接从 `.gguf` 文件内置的 `tokenizer.ggml.tokens` 元数据构建分词器与解码器，无需额外准备 `tokenizer.json`；
+//! 2. 自动识别 `qwen2`、`qwen3`、`llama`（含 Llama3 / Mistral / DeepSeek 等）主流 GGUF 架构；
+//! 3. 优先启用 Apple Silicon `Device::new_metal(0)` GPU 加速，并在内存中常驻缓存已加载的模型权重，二次翻译 0 加载延迟；
+//! 4. 每生成一个 Token 即刻回调 UI 并检查 `CancelToken`，支持随时毫秒级打断。
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::BufReader;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::{Mutex, OnceLock};
+
+use candle_core::quantized::gguf_file::{self, Value as GgufValue};
+use candle_core::{Device, Tensor};
+use candle_transformers::models::{quantized_llama, quantized_qwen2, quantized_qwen3};
+use ttree_core::{CancelToken, ChatMessage};
+
+const MAX_NEW_TOKENS: usize = 512;
+
+enum QuantizedArch {
+    Qwen2(quantized_qwen2::ModelWeights),
+    Qwen3(quantized_qwen3::ModelWeights),
+    Llama(quantized_llama::ModelWeights),
+}
+
+impl QuantizedArch {
+    fn clear_kv_cache(&mut self) {
+        match self {
+            Self::Qwen2(m) => m.clear_kv_cache(),
+            Self::Qwen3(m) => m.clear_kv_cache(),
+            Self::Llama(_) => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn forward(&mut self, input: &Tensor, index_pos: usize) -> candle_core::Result<Tensor> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Qwen2(m) => m.forward(input, index_pos),
+            Self::Qwen3(m) => m.forward(input, index_pos),
+            Self::Llama(m) => m.forward(input, index_pos),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 从 GGUF 内嵌的 `tokenizer.ggml.tokens` 词表构建的轻量分词/解码器。
+pub struct GgufEmbeddedTokenizer {
+    id_to_token: Vec<String>,
+    token_to_id: HashMap<String, u32>,
+    eos_tokens: Vec<u32>,
+    bos_token: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+impl GgufEmbeddedTokenizer {
+    pub fn from_gguf_metadata(md: &HashMap<String, GgufValue>) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let raw_tokens = md
+            .get("tokenizer.ggml.tokens")
+            .and_then(|v| v.to_vec().ok())
+            .ok_or_else(|| "GGUF 文件缺少内置词表 (tokenizer.ggml.tokens)".to_string())?;
+
+        let mut id_to_token = Vec::with_capacity(raw_tokens.len());
+        let mut token_to_id = HashMap::with_capacity(raw_tokens.len());
+
+        for (idx, val) in raw_tokens.iter().enumerate() {
+            let s = val.to_string().map(|s| s.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+            token_to_id.insert(s.clone(), idx as u32);
+            id_to_token.push(s);
+        }
+
+        let mut eos_tokens = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(eos_id) = md
+            .get("tokenizer.ggml.eos_token_id")
+            .and_then(|v| v.to_u32().ok())
+        {
+            eos_tokens.push(eos_id);
+        }
+        for special in ["<|im_end|>", "<|endoftext|>", "</s>", "<|eot_id|>", "<end_of_turn>"] {
+            if let Some(&id) = token_to_id.get(special) {
+                if !eos_tokens.contains(&id) {
+                    eos_tokens.push(id);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let bos_token = md
+            .get("tokenizer.ggml.bos_token_id")
+            .and_then(|v| v.to_u32().ok());
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            id_to_token,
+            token_to_id,
+            eos_tokens,
+            bos_token,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_eos(&self, token_id: u32) -> bool {
+        self.eos_tokens.contains(&token_id)
+    }
+
+    /// 最长前缀贪心匹配 + GPT2/SentencePiece 字节回退分词。
+    pub fn encode(&self, text: &str) -> Vec<u32> {
+        let mut ids = Vec::new();
+        if let Some(bos) = self.bos_token {
+            ids.push(bos);
+        }
+        // 将空格映射为 SentencePiece `▁` 或 GPT-2 `Ġ` 候选以匹配主流 GGUF 词表
+        let uses_sp_space = self.token_to_id.contains_key("▁the")
+            || self.token_to_id.contains_key("▁")
+            || self.token_to_id.contains_key("▁a");
+        let normalized = if uses_sp_space {
+            text.replace(' ', "▁")
+        } else {
+            text.replace(' ', "Ġ").replace('\n', "Ċ")
+        };
+
+        let mut rest = normalized.as_str();
+        while !rest.is_empty() {
+            // 先匹配特殊控制标记（如 `<|im_start|>`、`<|im_end|>`）
+            if rest.starts_with("<|") {
+                if let Some(end_idx) = rest.find("|>") {
+                    let special = &rest[..end_idx + 2];
+                    if let Some(&id) = self.token_to_id.get(special) {
+                        ids.push(id);
+                        rest = &rest[end_idx + 2..];
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            let mut matched = None;
+            let max_bytes = rest.len().min(32);
+            let mut end = max_bytes;
+            while end > 0 {
+                if rest.is_char_boundary(end) {
+                    let candidate = &rest[..end];
+                    if let Some(&id) = self.token_to_id.get(candidate) {
+                        matched = Some((id, end));
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                end -= 1;
+            }
+
+            if let Some((id, len)) = matched {
+                ids.push(id);
+                rest = &rest[len..];
+            } else {
+                // 单字节 `<0xXX>` 回退
+                let ch = rest.chars().next().unwrap();
+                let ch_len = ch.len_utf8();
+                for &b in &rest.as_bytes()[..ch_len] {
+                    let hex_tok = format!("<0x{b:02X}>");
+                    if let Some(&id) = self.token_to_id.get(&hex_tok) {
+                        ids.push(id);
+                    }
+                }
+                rest = &rest[ch_len..];
+            }
+        }
+        ids
+    }
+
+    pub fn decode_token_bytes(&self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let Some(piece) = self.id_to_token.get(token_id as usize) else {
+            return Vec::new();
+        };
+        if piece.starts_with("<|") && piece.ends_with("|>") {
+            return Vec::new();
+        }
+        if piece.len() == 6 && piece.starts_with("<0x") && piece.ends_with('>') {
+            if let Ok(b) = u8::from_str_radix(&piece[3..5], 16) {
+                return vec![b];
+            }
+        }
+        let decoded = piece
+            .replace('▁', " ")
+            .replace("Ġ", " ")
+            .replace("Ċ", "\n");
+        decoded.into_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+struct CachedSession {
+    model_path: String,
+    device: Device,
+    arch: QuantizedArch,
+    tokenizer: GgufEmbeddedTokenizer,
+}
+
+static GGUF_SESSION: OnceLock<Mutex<Option<CachedSession>>> = OnceLock::new();
+
+fn select_device() -> Device {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+    if let Ok(metal) = Device::new_metal(0) {
+        return metal;
+    }
+    Device::Cpu
+}
+
+fn load_session(model_path: &str) -> Result<CachedSession, String> {
+    let path = Path::new(model_path);
+    if !path.is_file() {
+        return Err(format!("找不到本地 GGUF 模型文件: {model_path}"));
+    }
+    let file = File::open(path).map_err(|e| format!("打开 GGUF 文件失败: {e}"))?;
+    let mut reader = BufReader::new(file);
+    let content = gguf_file::Content::read(&mut reader)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("解析 GGUF 文件头失败: {e}"))?;
+
+    let arch_name = content
+        .metadata
+        .get("general.architecture")
+        .and_then(|v| v.to_string().ok())
+        .cloned()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "llama".to_string());
+
+    let tokenizer = GgufEmbeddedTokenizer::from_gguf_metadata(&content.metadata)?;
+    let device = select_device();
+
+    let arch = match arch_name.as_str() {
+        "qwen2" => {
+            let weights = quantized_qwen2::ModelWeights::from_gguf(content, &mut reader, &device)
+                .map_err(|e| format!("加载 Qwen2 GGUF 权重失败: {e}"))?;
+            QuantizedArch::Qwen2(weights)
+        }
+        "qwen3" => {
+            let weights = quantized_qwen3::ModelWeights::from_gguf(content, &mut reader, &device)
+                .map_err(|e| format!("加载 Qwen3 GGUF 权重失败: {e}"))?;
+            QuantizedArch::Qwen3(weights)
+        }
+        _ => {
+            let weights = quantized_llama::ModelWeights::from_gguf(content, &mut reader, &device)
+                .map_err(|e| format!("加载 {arch_name} GGUF 权重失败: {e}"))?;
+            QuantizedArch::Llama(weights)
+        }
+    };
+
+    Ok(CachedSession {
+        model_path: model_path.to_string(),
+        device,
+        arch,
+        tokenizer,
+    })
+}
+
+/// 将对话消息格式化为通用 ChatML 提示词模板（兼容 Qwen / Llama / OpenChat 等 GGUF 模型）。
+pub fn format_chatml_prompt(messages: &[ChatMessage]) -> String {
+    let mut prompt = String::new();
+    for msg in messages {
+        prompt.push_str("<|im_start|>");
+        prompt.push_str(&msg.role);
+        prompt.push('\n');
+        prompt.push_str(&msg.content);
+        prompt.push_str("<|im_end|>\n");
+    }
+    prompt.push_str("<|im_start|>assistant\n");
+    prompt
+}
+
+pub async fn stream_gguf_inference<F>(
+    gguf_model_path: &str,
+    _gguf_tokenizer_path: &str,
+    messages: &[ChatMessage],
+    cancel: &CancelToken,
+    on_delta: &mut F,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&str) + Send,
+{
+    let model_path = gguf_model_path.trim().to_string();
+    if model_path.is_empty() {
+        return Err("未选择本地 .gguf 模型文件路径，请在设置中指定文件位置".to_string());
+    }
+
+    let prompt = format_chatml_prompt(messages);
+    let cancel_clone = cancel.clone();
+    let (tx, mut rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel::<Result<String, String>>();
+
+    tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+        let slot = GGUF_SESSION.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(None));
+        let mut guard = match slot.lock() {
+            Ok(g) => g,
+            Err(e) => {
+                let _ = tx.send(Err(format!("GGUF 引擎锁异常: {e}")));
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let needs_reload = guard
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_none_or(|s| s.model_path != model_path);
+        if needs_reload {
+            match load_session(&model_path) {
+                Ok(session) => *guard = Some(session),
+                Err(err) => {
+                    let _ = tx.send(Err(err));
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let session = guard.as_mut().expect("session loaded");
+        session.arch.clear_kv_cache();
+
+        let prompt_tokens = session.tokenizer.encode(&prompt);
+        if prompt_tokens.is_empty() {
+            let _ = tx.send(Err("提示词分词为空".to_string()));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let mut next_token = match run_step(&mut session.arch, &session.device, &prompt_tokens, 0) {
+            Ok(tok) => tok,
+            Err(err) => {
+                let _ = tx.send(Err(err));
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let mut utf8_pending = Vec::new();
+        let mut pos = prompt_tokens.len();
+
+        for _ in 0..MAX_NEW_TOKENS {
+            if cancel_clone.is_cancelled() {
+                return;
+            }
+            if session.tokenizer.is_eos(next_token) {
+                break;
+            }
+            utf8_pending.extend_from_slice(&session.tokenizer.decode_token_bytes(next_token));
+            if let Ok(valid_str) = std::str::from_utf8(&utf8_pending) {
+                if !valid_str.is_empty() {
+                    let _ = tx.send(Ok(valid_str.to_string()));
+                }
+                utf8_pending.clear();
+            }
+
+            next_token = match run_step(&mut session.arch, &session.device, &[next_token], pos) {
+                Ok(tok) => tok,
+                Err(err) => {
+                    let _ = tx.send(Err(err));
+                    return;
+                }
+            };
+            pos += 1;
+        }
+    });
+
+    while let Some(item) = rx.recv().await {
+        if cancel.is_cancelled() {
+            return Err("请求已取消".to_string());
+        }
+        let delta = item?;
+        on_delta(&delta);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 执行一步前向推理并采用 Argmax 贪心采样（翻译任务使用 temperature=0 最准确稳定）。
+fn run_step(
+    arch: &mut QuantizedArch,
+    device: &Device,
+    tokens: &[u32],
+    index_pos: usize,
+) -> Result<u32, String> {
+    let input = Tensor::new(tokens, device)
+        .and_then(|t| t.unsqueeze(0))
+        .map_err(|e| format!("构造输入张量失败: {e}"))?;
+    let logits = arch
+        .forward(&input, index_pos)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("GGUF 模型前向推理失败: {e}"))?;
+    let logits = logits
+        .squeeze(0)
+        .map_err(|e| format!("张量维度压缩失败: {e}"))?;
+    let next_id = logits
+        .argmax(0)
+        .and_then(|t| t.to_scalar::<u32>())
+        .map_err(|e| format!("采样下一个 Token 失败: {e}"))?;
+    Ok(next_id)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn formats_chatml_prompt_correctly() {
+        let msgs = vec![
+            ChatMessage::system("Translate to Chinese."),
+            ChatMessage::user("Hello"),
+        ];
+        let p = format_chatml_prompt(&msgs);
+        assert!(p.contains("<|im_start|>system\nTranslate to Chinese.<|im_end|>"));
+        assert!(p.ends_with("<|im_start|>assistant\n"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ai/src/http_provider.rs b/crates/ttree-ai/src/http_provider.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bec4c65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ai/src/http_provider.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+//! 云端 OpenAI 兼容接口与本地服务（Ollama / LM Studio / MLX Server）HTTP 流式客户端 + 本地模型自动探测。
+
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use futures_util::StreamExt;
+use reqwest::Client;
+use serde_json::{json, Value};
+use ttree_core::{AiBackendKind, CancelToken, ChatMessage};
+
+use crate::sse::{LineStreamDecoder, StreamDelta};
+
+const CONNECT_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(3);
+const STREAM_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(90);
+
+fn http_client() -> &'static Client {
+    static CLIENT: OnceLock<Client> = OnceLock::new();
+    CLIENT.get_or_init(|| {
+        Client::builder()
+            .connect_timeout(CONNECT_TIMEOUT)
+            .timeout(STREAM_TIMEOUT)
+            .tcp_keepalive(Duration::from_secs(30))
+            .redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::none())
+            .build()
+            .expect("failed to build AI HTTP client")
+    })
+}
+
+/// 自动探测本机运行中的 Ollama (`/api/tags`) 或 LM Studio / MLX (`/v1/models`) 模型列表。
+pub async fn discover_local_models(
+    backend: AiBackendKind,
+    base_url: &str,
+) -> Result<Vec<String>, String> {
+    let base = if base_url.trim().is_empty() {
+        backend.default_base_url()
+    } else {
+        base_url.trim().trim_end_matches('/')
+    };
+
+    match backend {
+        AiBackendKind::Ollama => {
+            let root = base.trim_end_matches("/v1");
+            let url = format!("{root}/api/tags");
+            let resp = http_client()
+                .get(&url)
+                .timeout(Duration::from_secs(3))
+                .send()
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| format!("无法连接本机 Ollama 服务 ({url}): {e}"))?;
+            if !resp.status().is_success() {
+                return Err(format!("Ollama 返回状态 {}", resp.status()));
+            }
+            let body: Value = resp
+                .json()
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| format!("解析 Ollama 模型列表失败: {e}"))?;
+            let models = body
+                .get("models")
+                .and_then(Value::as_array)
+                .map(|arr| {
+                    arr.iter()
+                        .filter_map(|item| item.get("name").and_then(Value::as_str).map(String::from))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            Ok(models)
+        }
+        AiBackendKind::LocalServer | AiBackendKind::OpenAiCompatible => {
+            let root = if base.ends_with("/v1") {
+                base.to_string()
+            } else {
+                format!("{base}/v1")
+            };
+            let url = format!("{root}/models");
+            let resp = http_client()
+                .get(&url)
+                .timeout(Duration::from_secs(3))
+                .send()
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| format!("无法连接本地模型服务 ({url}): {e}"))?;
+            if !resp.status().is_success() {
+                return Err(format!("模型服务返回状态 {}", resp.status()));
+            }
+            let body: Value = resp
+                .json()
+                .await
+                .map_err(|e| format!("解析模型列表失败: {e}"))?;
+            let models = body
+                .get("data")
+                .and_then(Value::as_array)
+                .map(|arr| {
+                    arr.iter()
+                        .filter_map(|item| item.get("id").and_then(Value::as_str).map(String::from))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_default();
+            Ok(models)
+        }
+        AiBackendKind::CandleGguf => Ok(Vec::new()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// 调用 OpenAI 兼容端点（云端或 LM Studio / MLX / llama.cpp）执行 SSE 流式请求。
+pub async fn stream_openai_compatible<F>(
+    base_url: &str,
+    api_key: Option<&str>,
+    model: &str,
+    messages: &[ChatMessage],
+    cancel: &CancelToken,
+    on_delta: &mut F,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&str) + Send,
+{
+    let base = base_url.trim().trim_end_matches('/');
+    let url = if base.ends_with("/chat/completions") {
+        base.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{base}/chat/completions")
+    };
+
+    let payload = json!({
+        "model": model,
+        "stream": true,
+        "temperature": 0.2,
+        "messages": messages,
+    });
+
+    let mut req = http_client().post(&url).json(&payload);
+    if let Some(key) = api_key.filter(|k| !k.is_empty()) {
+        req = req.bearer_auth(key);
+    }
+
+    let resp = tokio::select! {
+        biased;
+        _ = cancel.cancelled() => return Err("请求已取消".to_string()),
+        r = req.send() => r.map_err(|e| format!("AI 请求失败: {e}"))?,
+    };
+
+    if !resp.status().is_success() {
+        let status = resp.status();
+        let text = resp.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+        let snippet: String = text.chars().take(300).collect();
+        return Err(format!("AI 接口返回状态 {status}: {snippet}"));
+    }
+
+    let mut stream = resp.bytes_stream();
+    let mut decoder = LineStreamDecoder::new_sse();
+
+    loop {
+        let next_chunk = tokio::select! {
+            biased;
+            _ = cancel.cancelled() => return Err("请求已取消".to_string()),
+            chunk = stream.next() => chunk,
+        };
+        let Some(chunk) = next_chunk else {
+            break;
+        };
+        let bytes = chunk.map_err(|e| format!("读取 AI 响应流失败: {e}"))?;
+        for delta in decoder.push(&bytes)? {
+            match delta {
+                StreamDelta::Content(text) => on_delta(&text),
+                StreamDelta::Done => return Ok(()),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for delta in decoder.finish()? {
+        if let StreamDelta::Content(text) = delta {
+            on_delta(&text);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 调用本机 Ollama 原生 `/api/chat` NDJSON 流式接口（自动保持模型热加载 `keep_alive: "15m"`）。
+pub async fn stream_ollama<F>(
+    base_url: &str,
+    model: &str,
+    messages: &[ChatMessage],
+    cancel: &CancelToken,
+    on_delta: &mut F,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&str) + Send,
+{
+    let base = if base_url.trim().is_empty() {
+        "http://127.0.0.1:11434"
+    } else {
+        base_url.trim().trim_end_matches('/').trim_end_matches("/v1")
+    };
+    let url = format!("{base}/api/chat");
+
+    let payload = json!({
+        "model": model,
+        "stream": true,
+        "keep_alive": "15m",
+        "options": {
+            "temperature": 0.2
+        },
+        "messages": messages,
+    });
+
+    let resp = tokio::select! {
+        biased;
+        _ = cancel.cancelled() => return Err("请求已取消".to_string()),
+        r = http_client().post(&url).json(&payload).send() => {
+            r.map_err(|e| format!("连接本机 Ollama 失败 ({url}): {e}"))?
+        }
+    };
+
+    if !resp.status().is_success() {
+        let status = resp.status();
+        let text = resp.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
+        let snippet: String = text.chars().take(300).collect();
+        return Err(format!("Ollama 返回状态 {status}: {snippet}"));
+    }
+
+    let mut stream = resp.bytes_stream();
+    let mut decoder = LineStreamDecoder::new_ollama_ndjson();
+
+    loop {
+        let next_chunk = tokio::select! {
+            biased;
+            _ = cancel.cancelled() => return Err("请求已取消".to_string()),
+            chunk = stream.next() => chunk,
+        };
+        let Some(chunk) = next_chunk else {
+            break;
+        };
+        let bytes = chunk.map_err(|e| format!("读取 Ollama 流失败: {e}"))?;
+        for delta in decoder.push(&bytes)? {
+            match delta {
+                StreamDelta::Content(text) => on_delta(&text),
+                StreamDelta::Done => return Ok(()),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for delta in decoder.finish()? {
+        if let StreamDelta::Content(text) = delta {
+            on_delta(&text);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ai/src/lib.rs b/crates/ttree-ai/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48db043
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ai/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+//! `ttree-ai` —— 独立重写的 AI 翻译与对话模块。
+//!
+//! 核心特性：
+//! 1. 与 GUI 框架完全解耦，通过回调流式输出增量文本（`on_delta`）并支持 `CancelToken` 毫秒级中断；
+//! 2. 消除旧版重复发送两遍 Prompt 的缺陷，大幅降低首字延迟（TTFT）；
+//! 3. 支持 4 类模型后端：
+//!    - `OpenAiCompatible`：云端 OpenAI / DeepSeek / OpenRouter 兼容接口
+//!    - `Ollama`：本机 Ollama 服务（免 Key，支持 `/api/tags` 自动探测本地已装模型）
+//!    - `LocalServer`：本机 LM Studio / MLX Server / llama.cpp 服务（免 Key，支持 `/v1/models` 探测）
+//!    - `CandleGguf`：基于纯 Rust `candle` (Metal GPU 加速) 直接加载本地 `.gguf` 量化模型，常驻内存复用
+
+pub mod gguf;
+pub mod http_provider;
+pub mod sse;
+
+use ttree_core::language::language_display_name;
+use ttree_core::{
+    AiBackendKind, AiTranslationConfig, CancelToken, ChatAiConfig, ChatMessage,
+    validate_language_pair, validate_messages,
+};
+
+pub use http_provider::discover_local_models;
+
+/// 渲染精简高效的翻译 System Prompt（不再在 User 消息中重复拼接第二遍 Prompt）。
+pub fn render_translate_prompt(template: &str, source: &str, target: &str) -> String {
+    let src_name = language_display_name(source);
+    let tgt_name = language_display_name(target);
+    template
+        .replace("{source}", src_name)
+        .replace("{target}", tgt_name)
+}
+
+/// 组装翻译消息：System 放指令，User 仅放待译原文（省去 50% 冗余 Prompt Token）。
+pub fn build_translate_messages(
+    cfg: &AiTranslationConfig,
+    text: &str,
+    source: &str,
+    target: &str,
+) -> Vec<ChatMessage> {
+    let prompt = render_translate_prompt(&cfg.translate_prompt, source, target);
+    vec![
+        ChatMessage::system(prompt),
+        ChatMessage::user(text.trim()),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// 组装 AI 对话消息。
+pub fn build_chat_messages(cfg: &ChatAiConfig, history: &[ChatMessage]) -> Vec<ChatMessage> {
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(history.len() + 1);
+    if !cfg.chat_prompt.trim().is_empty() {
+        out.push(ChatMessage::system(cfg.chat_prompt.trim()));
+    }
+    out.extend_from_slice(history);
+    out
+}
+
+/// 执行流式 AI 翻译。
+pub async fn stream_translate<F>(
+    cfg: &AiTranslationConfig,
+    text: &str,
+    source: &str,
+    target: &str,
+    cancel: &CancelToken,
+    mut on_delta: F,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&str) + Send,
+{
+    if !cfg.enabled {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let trimmed = text.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    validate_language_pair(source, target)?;
+    let messages = build_translate_messages(cfg, trimmed, source, target);
+
+    dispatch_stream(
+        cfg.backend,
+        &cfg.base_url,
+        &cfg.api_key,
+        &cfg.model,
+        &cfg.gguf_model_path,
+        &cfg.gguf_tokenizer_path,
+        &messages,
+        cancel,
+        &mut on_delta,
+    )
+    .await
+}
+
+/// 执行流式 AI 对话。
+pub async fn stream_chat<F>(
+    cfg: &ChatAiConfig,
+    history: &[ChatMessage],
+    cancel: &CancelToken,
+    mut on_delta: F,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&str) + Send,
+{
+    if history.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    validate_messages(history)?;
+    let messages = build_chat_messages(cfg, history);
+
+    dispatch_stream(
+        cfg.backend,
+        &cfg.base_url,
+        &cfg.api_key,
+        &cfg.model,
+        &cfg.gguf_model_path,
+        &cfg.gguf_tokenizer_path,
+        &messages,
+        cancel,
+        &mut on_delta,
+    )
+    .await
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+async fn dispatch_stream<F>(
+    backend: AiBackendKind,
+    base_url: &str,
+    api_key: &str,
+    model: &str,
+    gguf_model_path: &str,
+    gguf_tokenizer_path: &str,
+    messages: &[ChatMessage],
+    cancel: &CancelToken,
+    on_delta: &mut F,
+) -> Result<(), String>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&str) + Send,
+{
+    match backend {
+        AiBackendKind::OpenAiCompatible => {
+            if api_key.trim().is_empty() {
+                return Err("未配置云端 API Key（可在设置中填入，或切换为本地 Ollama / LM Studio / GGUF 模型）".to_string());
+            }
+            http_provider::stream_openai_compatible(
+                base_url,
+                Some(api_key.trim()),
+                model,
+                messages,
+                cancel,
+                on_delta,
+            )
+            .await
+        }
+        AiBackendKind::Ollama => {
+            http_provider::stream_ollama(base_url, model, messages, cancel, on_delta).await
+        }
+        AiBackendKind::LocalServer => {
+            let opt_key = (!api_key.trim().is_empty()).then_some(api_key.trim());
+            http_provider::stream_openai_compatible(
+                base_url,
+                opt_key,
+                model,
+                messages,
+                cancel,
+                on_delta,
+            )
+            .await
+        }
+        AiBackendKind::CandleGguf => {
+            gguf::stream_gguf_inference(
+                gguf_model_path,
+                gguf_tokenizer_path,
+                messages,
+                cancel,
+                on_delta,
+            )
+            .await
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn builds_compact_translate_messages_without_duplicate_prompt() {
+        let cfg = AiTranslationConfig::default();
+        let msgs = build_translate_messages(&cfg, "Hello world", "en", "zh-CN");
+        assert_eq!(msgs.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(msgs[0].role, "system");
+        assert!(msgs[0].content.contains("简体中文"));
+        assert_eq!(msgs[1].role, "user");
+        // User 消息仅包含待译原文，不再重复拼接 system prompt
+        assert_eq!(msgs[1].content, "Hello world");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ai/src/sse.rs b/crates/ttree-ai/src/sse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a23507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ai/src/sse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+//! SSE (Server-Sent Events) 与 NDJSON (Ollama) 流式帧解码器。
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+pub const MAX_SSE_FRAME_BYTES: usize = 256 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_STREAM_OUTPUT_BYTES: usize = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum StreamDelta {
+    Content(String),
+    Done,
+}
+
+pub fn parse_sse_line(line: &str) -> Result<Option<StreamDelta>, String> {
+    let Some(data) = line.strip_prefix("data:") else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let data = data.trim();
+    if data.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    if data == "[DONE]" {
+        return Ok(Some(StreamDelta::Done));
+    }
+    let v: Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(data).map_err(|e| format!("SSE JSON 解析失败: {e}"))?;
+    let content = v
+        .get("choices")
+        .and_then(|c| c.get(0))
+        .and_then(|c| c.get("delta"))
+        .and_then(|d| d.get("content"))
+        .and_then(Value::as_str);
+    Ok(content.map(|s| StreamDelta::Content(s.to_string())))
+}
+
+pub fn parse_ollama_ndjson_line(line: &str) -> Result<Option<StreamDelta>, String> {
+    let trimmed = line.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let v: Value =
+        serde_json::from_str(trimmed).map_err(|e| format!("Ollama JSON 解析失败: {e}"))?;
+    if let Some(err) = v.get("error").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        return Err(format!("Ollama 返回错误: {err}"));
+    }
+    let done = v.get("done").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
+    let content = v
+        .get("message")
+        .and_then(|m| m.get("content"))
+        .and_then(Value::as_str)
+        .unwrap_or("");
+    if !content.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(Some(StreamDelta::Content(content.to_string())));
+    }
+    if done {
+        return Ok(Some(StreamDelta::Done));
+    }
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+pub struct LineStreamDecoder {
+    buffer: Vec<u8>,
+    frame_limit: usize,
+    output_limit: usize,
+    output_bytes: usize,
+    saw_done: bool,
+    ndjson_mode: bool,
+}
+
+impl LineStreamDecoder {
+    pub fn new_sse() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buffer: Vec::new(),
+            frame_limit: MAX_SSE_FRAME_BYTES,
+            output_limit: MAX_STREAM_OUTPUT_BYTES,
+            output_bytes: 0,
+            saw_done: false,
+            ndjson_mode: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_ollama_ndjson() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buffer: Vec::new(),
+            frame_limit: MAX_SSE_FRAME_BYTES,
+            output_limit: MAX_STREAM_OUTPUT_BYTES,
+            output_bytes: 0,
+            saw_done: false,
+            ndjson_mode: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn push(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<StreamDelta>, String> {
+        let mut deltas = Vec::new();
+        for &byte in bytes {
+            if byte == b'\n' {
+                if let Some(delta) = self.take_line()? {
+                    let is_done = delta == StreamDelta::Done;
+                    deltas.push(delta);
+                    if is_done {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            if self.buffer.len() >= self.frame_limit {
+                return Err(format!("流式单帧超出 {} 字节上限", self.frame_limit));
+            }
+            self.buffer.push(byte);
+        }
+        Ok(deltas)
+    }
+
+    pub fn finish(mut self) -> Result<Vec<StreamDelta>, String> {
+        let mut deltas = Vec::new();
+        if !self.buffer.is_empty() {
+            if let Some(delta) = self.take_line()? {
+                deltas.push(delta);
+            }
+        }
+        if !self.saw_done && self.output_bytes == 0 {
+            return Err("AI 流提前结束且未返回有效内容".to_string());
+        }
+        Ok(deltas)
+    }
+
+    fn take_line(&mut self) -> Result<Option<StreamDelta>, String> {
+        let line_bytes = std::mem::take(&mut self.buffer);
+        let line = std::str::from_utf8(&line_bytes)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("流式响应包含非法 UTF-8: {e}"))?
+            .trim();
+        let parsed = if self.ndjson_mode {
+            parse_ollama_ndjson_line(line)?
+        } else {
+            parse_sse_line(line)?
+        };
+        let Some(delta) = parsed else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        match &delta {
+            StreamDelta::Content(c) => {
+                self.output_bytes = self
+                    .output_bytes
+                    .checked_add(c.len())
+                    .ok_or_else(|| "流式输出大小溢出".to_string())?;
+                if self.output_bytes > self.output_limit {
+                    return Err(format!("流式输出超出 {} 字节上限", self.output_limit));
+                }
+            }
+            StreamDelta::Done => {
+                self.saw_done = true;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Some(delta))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn decodes_sse_and_ollama_ndjson_streams() {
+        let mut sse = LineStreamDecoder::new_sse();
+        let out = sse
+            .push("data: {\"choices\":[{\"delta\":{\"content\":\"你好\"}}]}\n\ndata: [DONE]\n".as_bytes())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            out,
+            vec![StreamDelta::Content("你好".to_string()), StreamDelta::Done]
+        );
+
+        let mut ndjson = LineStreamDecoder::new_ollama_ndjson();
+        let out2 = ndjson
+            .push("{\"message\":{\"content\":\"世界\"},\"done\":false}\n{\"message\":{\"content\":\"\"},\"done\":true}\n".as_bytes())
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            out2,
+            vec![StreamDelta::Content("世界".to_string()), StreamDelta::Done]
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-app/Cargo.toml b/crates/ttree-app/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17e1a87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-app/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[package]
+name = "ttree-app"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[[bin]]
+name = "ttree"
+path = "src/main.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+ttree-core = { path = "../ttree-core" }
+ttree-storage = { path = "../ttree-storage" }
+ttree-platform-macos = { path = "../ttree-platform-macos" }
+ttree-ocr = { path = "../ttree-ocr" }
+ttree-translate = { path = "../ttree-translate" }
+ttree-ai = { path = "../ttree-ai" }
+anyhow.workspace = true
+global-hotkey.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
+objc2.workspace = true
+objc2-app-kit.workspace = true
+objc2-core-foundation.workspace = true
+objc2-foundation.workspace = true
+objc2-quartz-core.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/ttree-app/src/main.rs b/crates/ttree-app/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a23188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-app/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+//! `ttree` —— 100% 纯 Rust 原生 macOS AI 翻译与 OCR 桌面端入口。
+
+#![cfg_attr(not(debug_assertions), windows_subsystem = "windows")]
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+mod state;
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+mod ui_helpers;
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+fn main() {
+    eprintln!("TTREE 纯 Rust 原生 AppKit 客户端仅支持 macOS 运行。");
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+fn main() {
+    macos_app::run();
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+mod macos_app {
+    use std::cell::RefCell;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+
+    use global_hotkey::{GlobalHotKeyEvent, GlobalHotKeyManager, HotKeyState};
+    use objc2::rc::Retained;
+    use objc2::runtime::{AnyObject, Bool, Sel};
+    use objc2::{define_class, msg_send, sel, MainThreadMarker, MainThreadOnly};
+    use objc2_app_kit::{
+        NSApplication, NSApplicationActivationPolicy, NSBackingStoreType, NSColor, NSEvent,
+        NSEventModifierFlags, NSMenu, NSMenuItem, NSStatusBar, NSStatusItem, NSTextView,
+        NSVisualEffectBlendingMode, NSVisualEffectMaterial, NSVisualEffectState,
+        NSVisualEffectView, NSWindow, NSWindowStyleMask, NSWindowTitleVisibility,
+    };
+    use objc2_foundation::{
+        NSObject, NSObjectProtocol, NSPoint, NSRect, NSRunLoop, NSRunLoopCommonModes, NSSize,
+        NSString, NSTimer,
+    };
+    use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, UnboundedReceiver};
+
+    use ttree_core::{WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT, WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH};
+    use ttree_storage::{HistoryStore, SettingsStore};
+
+    use crate::state::{ActionTag, AppController, TabMode, UiEvent};
+
+    struct GlobalUiContext {
+        ctrl: AppController,
+        ui_rx: UnboundedReceiver<UiEvent>,
+        _status_item: Retained<NSStatusItem>,
+    }
+
+    thread_local! {
+        static UI_CTX: RefCell<Option<GlobalUiContext>> = const { RefCell::new(None) };
+    }
+
+    fn with_ctx<F: FnOnce(&mut GlobalUiContext)>(f: F) {
+        UI_CTX.with(|cell| {
+            if let Ok(mut borrow) = cell.try_borrow_mut() {
+                if let Some(ctx) = borrow.as_mut() {
+                    f(ctx);
+                }
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    define_class!(
+        #[unsafe(super(NSObject))]
+        #[thread_kind = MainThreadOnly]
+        #[name = "TTreeActionDispatcher"]
+        pub struct ActionDispatcher;
+
+        unsafe impl NSObjectProtocol for ActionDispatcher {}
+
+        impl ActionDispatcher {
+            #[unsafe(method(handleControl:))]
+            fn handle_control(&self, sender: &AnyObject) {
+                let raw_tag: isize = unsafe { msg_send![sender, tag] };
+                if let Some(tag) = ActionTag::from_raw(raw_tag) {
+                    with_ctx(|ctx| ctx.ctrl.on_action(tag));
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[unsafe(method(handleTimer:))]
+            fn handle_timer(&self, _timer: &AnyObject) {
+                with_ctx(|ctx| {
+                    while let Ok(hk_ev) = GlobalHotKeyEvent::receiver().try_recv() {
+                        if hk_ev.state == HotKeyState::Pressed {
+                            if let Some(action) = ctx.ctrl.parsed_shortcuts.action_for_id(hk_ev.id)
+                            {
+                                ctx.ctrl.handle_hotkey_action(action);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    while let Ok(ui_ev) = ctx.ui_rx.try_recv() {
+                        ctx.ctrl.handle_ui_event(ui_ev);
+                    }
+                    ctx.ctrl.poll_tick();
+                });
+            }
+
+            #[unsafe(method(textView:doCommandBySelector:))]
+            fn text_view_do_command(&self, _text_view: &NSTextView, command: Sel) -> Bool {
+                if command == sel!(cancelOperation:) {
+                    with_ctx(|ctx| ctx.ctrl.on_action(ActionTag::HideOrEscape));
+                    return Bool::YES;
+                }
+                if command == sel!(insertNewline:) {
+                    let flags = NSEvent::modifierFlags_class();
+                    if flags.contains(NSEventModifierFlags::Shift) {
+                        return Bool::NO;
+                    }
+                    with_ctx(|ctx| match ctx.ctrl.active_tab {
+                        TabMode::Translate => ctx.ctrl.start_translation(),
+                        TabMode::Chat => ctx.ctrl.send_chat_from_input(),
+                        TabMode::Settings => {}
+                    });
+                    return Bool::YES;
+                }
+                Bool::NO
+            }
+
+            #[unsafe(method(windowDidResignKey:))]
+            fn window_did_resign_key(&self, _notification: &AnyObject) {
+                with_ctx(|ctx| ctx.ctrl.on_window_did_resign_key());
+            }
+
+            #[unsafe(method(windowDidResize:))]
+            fn window_did_resize(&self, _notification: &AnyObject) {
+                with_ctx(|ctx| ctx.ctrl.on_window_did_resize());
+            }
+
+            #[unsafe(method(applicationShouldHandleReopen:hasVisibleWindows:))]
+            fn app_should_handle_reopen(&self, _app: &AnyObject, _has_visible: Bool) -> Bool {
+                with_ctx(|ctx| {
+                    ctx.ctrl.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                    ctx.ctrl.show_and_focus_window();
+                });
+                Bool::YES
+            }
+        }
+    );
+
+    impl ActionDispatcher {
+        fn new(mtm: MainThreadMarker) -> Retained<Self> {
+            unsafe { msg_send![mtm.alloc::<Self>(), init] }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn run() {
+        let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_multi_thread()
+            .enable_all()
+            .build()
+            .expect("初始化 Tokio 异步运行时失败");
+
+        let mtm = MainThreadMarker::new().expect("必须在 macOS 主线程启动 AppKit UI");
+        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+        app.setActivationPolicy(NSApplicationActivationPolicy::Accessory);
+
+        let dispatcher = ActionDispatcher::new(mtm);
+        unsafe {
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*app, setDelegate: Some(&*dispatcher)];
+        }
+
+        install_standard_main_menu(mtm, &app);
+
+        let settings = Arc::new(SettingsStore::open_default());
+        let history = Arc::new(HistoryStore::open_default());
+        let hotkey_mgr = GlobalHotKeyManager::new().expect("初始化全局快捷键管理器失败");
+
+        let (win_w, win_h) = settings.window_size();
+        let appearance = settings.appearance();
+        let (window, effect_view) =
+            build_main_window(mtm, win_w, win_h, appearance.panel_opacity, &dispatcher);
+
+        let status_item = build_status_bar_item(mtm, &dispatcher);
+        let (ui_tx, ui_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
+
+        let mut ctrl = AppController::build(
+            mtm,
+            rt.handle().clone(),
+            ui_tx,
+            settings,
+            history,
+            hotkey_mgr,
+            window,
+            effect_view,
+            &dispatcher,
+        );
+
+        if std::env::args().any(|a| a == "--show") {
+            ctrl.show_and_focus_window();
+        }
+
+        UI_CTX.with(|cell| {
+            *cell.borrow_mut() = Some(GlobalUiContext {
+                ctrl,
+                ui_rx,
+                _status_item: status_item,
+            });
+        });
+
+        unsafe {
+            let timer = NSTimer::timerWithTimeInterval_target_selector_userInfo_repeats(
+                0.025,
+                &dispatcher,
+                sel!(handleTimer:),
+                None,
+                true,
+            );
+            let run_loop = NSRunLoop::mainRunLoop();
+            run_loop.addTimer_forMode(&timer, NSRunLoopCommonModes);
+        }
+
+        app.run();
+    }
+
+    fn build_main_window(
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+        width: f64,
+        height: f64,
+        opacity: f64,
+        dispatcher: &ActionDispatcher,
+    ) -> (Retained<NSWindow>, Retained<NSVisualEffectView>) {
+        unsafe {
+            let frame = NSRect::new(NSPoint::new(240.0, 240.0), NSSize::new(width, height));
+            let style = NSWindowStyleMask::Titled
+                | NSWindowStyleMask::Closable
+                | NSWindowStyleMask::Resizable
+                | NSWindowStyleMask::FullSizeContentView;
+            let window = NSWindow::initWithContentRect_styleMask_backing_defer(
+                mtm.alloc(),
+                frame,
+                style,
+                NSBackingStoreType::Buffered,
+                false,
+            );
+            window.setTitle(&NSString::from_str("TTREE"));
+            window.setTitleVisibility(NSWindowTitleVisibility::Hidden);
+            window.setTitlebarAppearsTransparent(true);
+            window.setMovableByWindowBackground(true);
+            window.setReleasedWhenClosed(false);
+            window.setOpaque(false);
+            window.setBackgroundColor(Some(&NSColor::clearColor()));
+            window.setAlphaValue(opacity);
+            window.setMinSize(NSSize::new(WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH, WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT));
+
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*window, setDelegate: Some(dispatcher)];
+
+            let effect_view = NSVisualEffectView::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+            effect_view.setMaterial(NSVisualEffectMaterial::Popover);
+            effect_view.setBlendingMode(NSVisualEffectBlendingMode::BehindWindow);
+            effect_view.setState(NSVisualEffectState::Active);
+
+            window.setContentView(Some(&effect_view));
+            (window, effect_view)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_status_bar_item(
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+        dispatcher: &ActionDispatcher,
+    ) -> Retained<NSStatusItem> {
+        unsafe {
+            let status_bar = NSStatusBar::systemStatusBar();
+            let item = status_bar.statusItemWithLength(-1.0);
+            if let Some(btn) = item.button(mtm) {
+                btn.setTitle(&NSString::from_str("译"));
+            }
+
+            let menu = NSMenu::new(mtm);
+            let action_sel = sel!(handleControl:);
+
+            let add_item = |title: &str, tag: ActionTag, key: &str| {
+                let mi = NSMenuItem::initWithTitle_action_keyEquivalent(
+                    mtm.alloc(),
+                    &NSString::from_str(title),
+                    Some(action_sel),
+                    &NSString::from_str(key),
+                );
+                mi.setTag(tag as isize);
+                mi.setTarget(Some(dispatcher));
+                menu.addItem(&mi);
+            };
+
+            add_item("翻译窗口", ActionTag::TabTranslate, "");
+            add_item("截图 OCR 翻译", ActionTag::TriggerOcr, "");
+            add_item("AI 对话", ActionTag::TabChat, "");
+            menu.addItem(&NSMenuItem::separatorItem(mtm));
+            add_item("偏好设置…", ActionTag::TabSettings, ",");
+            menu.addItem(&NSMenuItem::separatorItem(mtm));
+            add_item("退出 TTREE", ActionTag::TrayQuit, "q");
+
+            // 点击菜单项时如果窗口尚未显示则自动唤起（除了截图 OCR 与退出）
+            item.setMenu(Some(&menu));
+            item
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 为 Accessory 模式应用安装标准 Edit 菜单，使 NSTextView / NSTextField 原生支持 Cmd+C / V / X / A / Z。
+    fn install_standard_main_menu(mtm: MainThreadMarker, app: &NSApplication) {
+        unsafe {
+            let main_menu = NSMenu::new(mtm);
+
+            // 1. App 子菜单
+            let app_item = NSMenuItem::new(mtm);
+            let app_menu = NSMenu::initWithTitle(mtm.alloc(), &NSString::from_str("TTREE"));
+            let close_item = NSMenuItem::initWithTitle_action_keyEquivalent(
+                mtm.alloc(),
+                &NSString::from_str("隐藏窗口"),
+                Some(sel!(orderOut:)),
+                &NSString::from_str("w"),
+            );
+            let quit_item = NSMenuItem::initWithTitle_action_keyEquivalent(
+                mtm.alloc(),
+                &NSString::from_str("退出 TTREE"),
+                Some(sel!(terminate:)),
+                &NSString::from_str("q"),
+            );
+            app_menu.addItem(&close_item);
+            app_menu.addItem(&NSMenuItem::separatorItem(mtm));
+            app_menu.addItem(&quit_item);
+            app_item.setSubmenu(Some(&app_menu));
+            main_menu.addItem(&app_item);
+
+            // 2. Edit 子菜单 (支持 Cmd+Z / Cmd+X / Cmd+C / Cmd+V / Cmd+A)
+            let edit_item = NSMenuItem::new(mtm);
+            let edit_menu = NSMenu::initWithTitle(mtm.alloc(), &NSString::from_str("编辑"));
+
+            let edit_entries: [(&str, Sel, &str); 5] = [
+                ("撤销", sel!(undo:), "z"),
+                ("剪切", sel!(cut:), "x"),
+                ("复制", sel!(copy:), "c"),
+                ("粘贴", sel!(paste:), "v"),
+                ("全选", sel!(selectAll:), "a"),
+            ];
+            for (title, action, key) in edit_entries {
+                let mi = NSMenuItem::initWithTitle_action_keyEquivalent(
+                    mtm.alloc(),
+                    &NSString::from_str(title),
+                    Some(action),
+                    &NSString::from_str(key),
+                );
+                edit_menu.addItem(&mi);
+            }
+            edit_item.setSubmenu(Some(&edit_menu));
+            main_menu.addItem(&edit_item);
+
+            app.setMainMenu(Some(&main_menu));
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-app/src/state.rs b/crates/ttree-app/src/state.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76824da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-app/src/state.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2415 @@
+//! `ttree-app` 应用核心控制器、事件总线与三大视图（翻译 / AI 对话 / 设置）状态机。
+
+#![cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use global_hotkey::hotkey::HotKey;
+use global_hotkey::GlobalHotKeyManager;
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::runtime::{AnyObject, Sel};
+use objc2::{sel, MainThreadMarker};
+use objc2_app_kit::{
+    NSApplication, NSBox, NSButton, NSControlStateValueOn, NSFloatingWindowLevel,
+    NSModalResponseOK, NSNormalWindowLevel, NSOpenPanel, NSPopUpButton, NSScreen, NSScrollView,
+    NSSecureTextField, NSSlider, NSTextField, NSTextView, NSView, NSVisualEffectView, NSWindow,
+};
+use objc2_foundation::{NSPoint, NSRange, NSRect, NSSize, NSString};
+use tokio::runtime::Handle as TokioHandle;
+use tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender;
+
+use ttree_core::{
+    recent_chat_context, resolve_language_pair, AiBackendKind, AiTranslationConfig,
+    AppearanceConfig, CancelSlot, ChatAiConfig, ChatMessage, Conversation, ShortcutConfig,
+    ADAPTIVE_TARGET, PANEL_OPACITY_MAX, PANEL_OPACITY_MIN, SOURCE_LANGUAGES, TARGET_LANGUAGES,
+    WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT, WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH,
+};
+use ttree_ocr::OcrOutcome;
+use ttree_platform_macos::hotkey::{parse_shortcut_config, ParsedShortcuts, ShortcutAction};
+use ttree_storage::{HistoryStore, SettingsStore};
+
+use crate::ui_helpers::{
+    add_subview, append_text_view_string, copy_to_pasteboard, get_field_string,
+    get_text_view_string, make_button, make_card_box, make_checkbox, make_label, make_popup,
+    make_scrollable_text_view, make_secure_field, make_slider, make_text_field, set_field_string,
+    set_text_view_string, top_rect,
+};
+
+const AUTO_TRANSLATE_DEBOUNCE: Duration = Duration::from_millis(420);
+const RESIZE_SAVE_DEBOUNCE: Duration = Duration::from_millis(500);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum TabMode {
+    Translate,
+    Chat,
+    Settings,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(isize)]
+pub enum ActionTag {
+    TabTranslate = 1,
+    TabChat = 2,
+    TabSettings = 3,
+    TriggerOcr = 4,
+    TogglePin = 5,
+    TrayQuit = 6,
+    HideOrEscape = 7,
+
+    TranslateNow = 10,
+    ClearTranslate = 11,
+    SwapLanguages = 12,
+    SourceLangChanged = 13,
+    TargetLangChanged = 14,
+    CopyWebResult = 15,
+    CopyAiResult = 16,
+
+    SendChat = 20,
+    NewConversation = 21,
+    ClearChatHistory = 22,
+    StopChatStream = 23,
+    SelectConversation = 24,
+    CopyLastReply = 25,
+
+    SaveSettings = 30,
+    AiTransBackendChanged = 31,
+    AiTransFillDefaultUrl = 32,
+    AiTransDiscoverModels = 33,
+    AiTransModelPopupSelected = 34,
+    AiTransBrowseGguf = 35,
+    AiTransBrowseTokenizer = 36,
+    AiTransClearKey = 37,
+
+    ChatBackendChanged = 41,
+    ChatFillDefaultUrl = 42,
+    ChatDiscoverModels = 43,
+    ChatModelPopupSelected = 44,
+    ChatBrowseGguf = 45,
+    ChatCopyFromTrans = 46,
+    ChatClearKey = 47,
+
+    ResetDefaultShortcuts = 50,
+    OpacitySliderChanged = 51,
+}
+
+impl ActionTag {
+    pub fn from_raw(tag: isize) -> Option<Self> {
+        match tag {
+            1 => Some(Self::TabTranslate),
+            2 => Some(Self::TabChat),
+            3 => Some(Self::TabSettings),
+            4 => Some(Self::TriggerOcr),
+            5 => Some(Self::TogglePin),
+            6 => Some(Self::TrayQuit),
+            7 => Some(Self::HideOrEscape),
+            10 => Some(Self::TranslateNow),
+            11 => Some(Self::ClearTranslate),
+            12 => Some(Self::SwapLanguages),
+            13 => Some(Self::SourceLangChanged),
+            14 => Some(Self::TargetLangChanged),
+            15 => Some(Self::CopyWebResult),
+            16 => Some(Self::CopyAiResult),
+            20 => Some(Self::SendChat),
+            21 => Some(Self::NewConversation),
+            22 => Some(Self::ClearChatHistory),
+            23 => Some(Self::StopChatStream),
+            24 => Some(Self::SelectConversation),
+            25 => Some(Self::CopyLastReply),
+            30 => Some(Self::SaveSettings),
+            31 => Some(Self::AiTransBackendChanged),
+            32 => Some(Self::AiTransFillDefaultUrl),
+            33 => Some(Self::AiTransDiscoverModels),
+            34 => Some(Self::AiTransModelPopupSelected),
+            35 => Some(Self::AiTransBrowseGguf),
+            36 => Some(Self::AiTransBrowseTokenizer),
+            37 => Some(Self::AiTransClearKey),
+            41 => Some(Self::ChatBackendChanged),
+            42 => Some(Self::ChatFillDefaultUrl),
+            43 => Some(Self::ChatDiscoverModels),
+            44 => Some(Self::ChatModelPopupSelected),
+            45 => Some(Self::ChatBrowseGguf),
+            46 => Some(Self::ChatCopyFromTrans),
+            47 => Some(Self::ChatClearKey),
+            50 => Some(Self::ResetDefaultShortcuts),
+            51 => Some(Self::OpacitySliderChanged),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum UiEvent {
+    WebTranslateResult {
+        gen: u64,
+        result: Result<String, String>,
+    },
+    AiTranslateDelta {
+        gen: u64,
+        delta: String,
+    },
+    AiTranslateFinished {
+        gen: u64,
+        error: Option<String>,
+    },
+    OcrCompleted {
+        outcome: Result<OcrOutcome, String>,
+    },
+    SelectionCapturedForTranslate {
+        text: Option<String>,
+        fallback_toggle: bool,
+    },
+    SelectionCapturedForChat {
+        text: Option<String>,
+        fallback_toggle: bool,
+    },
+    ChatDelta {
+        gen: u64,
+        delta: String,
+    },
+    ChatFinished {
+        gen: u64,
+        error: Option<String>,
+    },
+    ModelsDiscovered {
+        for_chat: bool,
+        result: Result<Vec<String>, String>,
+    },
+}
+
+pub struct TranslateViewWidgets {
+    pub root: Retained<NSView>,
+    pub source_popup: Retained<NSPopUpButton>,
+    pub swap_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub target_popup: Retained<NSPopUpButton>,
+    pub translate_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub clear_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub input_scroll: Retained<NSScrollView>,
+    pub input_tv: Retained<NSTextView>,
+    pub web_card: Retained<NSBox>,
+    pub web_header_label: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub web_copy_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub web_scroll: Retained<NSScrollView>,
+    pub web_tv: Retained<NSTextView>,
+    pub ai_card: Retained<NSBox>,
+    pub ai_header_label: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub ai_copy_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub ai_scroll: Retained<NSScrollView>,
+    pub ai_tv: Retained<NSTextView>,
+}
+
+pub struct ChatViewWidgets {
+    pub root: Retained<NSView>,
+    pub conv_popup: Retained<NSPopUpButton>,
+    pub new_conv_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub clear_hist_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub stop_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub copy_reply_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub transcript_scroll: Retained<NSScrollView>,
+    pub transcript_tv: Retained<NSTextView>,
+    pub input_scroll: Retained<NSScrollView>,
+    pub input_tv: Retained<NSTextView>,
+    pub send_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+}
+
+pub struct SettingsViewWidgets {
+    pub root: Retained<NSView>,
+    pub ai_enabled_chk: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub ai_backend_popup: Retained<NSPopUpButton>,
+    pub ai_base_url_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub ai_key_field: Retained<NSSecureTextField>,
+    pub ai_key_status_label: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub ai_model_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub ai_discovered_popup: Retained<NSPopUpButton>,
+    pub ai_gguf_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub ai_tokenizer_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub ai_prompt_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+
+    pub chat_backend_popup: Retained<NSPopUpButton>,
+    pub chat_base_url_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub chat_key_field: Retained<NSSecureTextField>,
+    pub chat_key_status_label: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub chat_model_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub chat_discovered_popup: Retained<NSPopUpButton>,
+    pub chat_gguf_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub chat_prompt_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+
+    pub sc_toggle_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub sc_ocr_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub sc_ai_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub sc_sel_trans_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub sc_sel_ai_field: Retained<NSTextField>,
+
+    pub opacity_slider: Retained<NSSlider>,
+    pub opacity_val_label: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub autostart_chk: Retained<NSButton>,
+}
+
+pub struct AppController {
+    pub mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    pub rt: TokioHandle,
+    pub ui_tx: UnboundedSender<UiEvent>,
+    pub settings: Arc<SettingsStore>,
+    pub history: Arc<HistoryStore>,
+
+    pub hotkey_mgr: GlobalHotKeyManager,
+    pub parsed_shortcuts: ParsedShortcuts,
+    pub registered_hotkeys: Vec<HotKey>,
+
+    pub window: Retained<NSWindow>,
+    pub effect_view: Retained<NSVisualEffectView>,
+    pub tab_translate_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub tab_chat_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub tab_settings_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub status_label: Retained<NSTextField>,
+    pub ocr_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+    pub pin_btn: Retained<NSButton>,
+
+    pub translate_ui: TranslateViewWidgets,
+    pub chat_ui: ChatViewWidgets,
+    pub settings_ui: SettingsViewWidgets,
+
+    pub active_tab: TabMode,
+    pub is_pinned: bool,
+    pub pin_before_settings: bool,
+    pub is_modal_open: bool,
+
+    pub translate_cancel: CancelSlot,
+    pub translate_gen: u64,
+    pub last_observed_source: String,
+    pub last_translated_source: String,
+    pub pending_debounce_since: Option<Instant>,
+
+    pub chat_cancel: CancelSlot,
+    pub chat_gen: u64,
+    pub chat_streaming: bool,
+    pub conversations: Vec<Conversation>,
+    pub active_conversation_id: Option<usize>,
+    pub current_messages: Vec<ChatMessage>,
+    pub streaming_assistant_buffer: String,
+
+    pub pending_clear_ai_key: bool,
+    pub pending_clear_chat_key: bool,
+
+    pub last_known_size: (f64, f64),
+    pub pending_resize_save: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl AppController {
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub fn build(
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+        rt: TokioHandle,
+        ui_tx: UnboundedSender<UiEvent>,
+        settings: Arc<SettingsStore>,
+        history: Arc<HistoryStore>,
+        hotkey_mgr: GlobalHotKeyManager,
+        window: Retained<NSWindow>,
+        effect_view: Retained<NSVisualEffectView>,
+        dispatcher: &AnyObject,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let action_sel: Sel = sel!(handleControl:);
+        let (win_w, win_h) = settings.window_size();
+
+        // Top Navigation Bar
+        let tab_translate_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(win_h, 14.0, 10.0, 74.0, 28.0),
+            "● 翻译",
+            ActionTag::TabTranslate as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let tab_chat_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(win_h, 92.0, 10.0, 86.0, 28.0),
+            "AI 对话",
+            ActionTag::TabChat as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let tab_settings_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(win_h, 182.0, 10.0, 72.0, 28.0),
+            "设置",
+            ActionTag::TabSettings as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let status_label = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(win_h, 264.0, 14.0, (win_w - 445.0).max(120.0), 20.0),
+            "纯 Rust 原生极速引擎就绪",
+            11.5,
+            false,
+            true,
+        );
+        let ocr_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(win_h, win_w - 172.0, 10.0, 86.0, 28.0),
+            "截图 OCR",
+            ActionTag::TriggerOcr as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let pin_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(win_h, win_w - 82.0, 10.0, 68.0, 28.0),
+            "置顶",
+            ActionTag::TogglePin as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+
+        add_subview(&effect_view, &tab_translate_btn);
+        add_subview(&effect_view, &tab_chat_btn);
+        add_subview(&effect_view, &tab_settings_btn);
+        add_subview(&effect_view, &status_label);
+        add_subview(&effect_view, &ocr_btn);
+        add_subview(&effect_view, &pin_btn);
+
+        let body_h = (win_h - 46.0).max(320.0);
+        let body_frame = NSRect::new(NSPoint::new(0.0, 0.0), NSSize::new(win_w, body_h));
+
+        let translate_ui = Self::build_translate_view(mtm, body_frame, dispatcher, action_sel);
+        let chat_ui = Self::build_chat_view(mtm, body_frame, dispatcher, action_sel);
+        let settings_ui =
+            Self::build_settings_view(mtm, body_frame, &settings, dispatcher, action_sel);
+
+        chat_ui.root.setHidden(true);
+        settings_ui.root.setHidden(true);
+
+        add_subview(&effect_view, &translate_ui.root);
+        add_subview(&effect_view, &chat_ui.root);
+        add_subview(&effect_view, &settings_ui.root);
+
+        let sc_cfg = settings.shortcuts();
+        let parsed_shortcuts = parse_shortcut_config(&sc_cfg).unwrap_or_default();
+        let mut registered_hotkeys = Vec::new();
+        for hk in parsed_shortcuts.unique_hotkeys() {
+            if hotkey_mgr.register(hk).is_ok() {
+                registered_hotkeys.push(hk);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let conversations = history.read_conversations().unwrap_or_default();
+        let (active_conversation_id, current_messages) = match conversations.last() {
+            Some(last) => (Some(last.id), last.messages.clone()),
+            None => (None, Vec::new()),
+        };
+
+        let mut ctrl = Self {
+            mtm,
+            rt,
+            ui_tx,
+            settings,
+            history,
+            hotkey_mgr,
+            parsed_shortcuts,
+            registered_hotkeys,
+            window,
+            effect_view,
+            tab_translate_btn,
+            tab_chat_btn,
+            tab_settings_btn,
+            status_label,
+            ocr_btn,
+            pin_btn,
+            translate_ui,
+            chat_ui,
+            settings_ui,
+            active_tab: TabMode::Translate,
+            is_pinned: false,
+            pin_before_settings: false,
+            is_modal_open: false,
+            translate_cancel: CancelSlot::new(),
+            translate_gen: 0,
+            last_observed_source: String::new(),
+            last_translated_source: String::new(),
+            pending_debounce_since: None,
+            chat_cancel: CancelSlot::new(),
+            chat_gen: 0,
+            chat_streaming: false,
+            conversations,
+            active_conversation_id,
+            current_messages,
+            streaming_assistant_buffer: String::new(),
+            pending_clear_ai_key: false,
+            pending_clear_chat_key: false,
+            last_known_size: (win_w, win_h),
+            pending_resize_save: None,
+        };
+
+        ctrl.refresh_ai_header_badge();
+        ctrl.refresh_conversations_popup();
+        ctrl.render_chat_transcript();
+        ctrl
+    }
+
+    fn build_translate_view(
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+        frame: NSRect,
+        dispatcher: &AnyObject,
+        action_sel: Sel,
+    ) -> TranslateViewWidgets {
+        let w = frame.size.width;
+        let h = frame.size.height;
+        let root = NSView::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+
+        let src_labels: Vec<&str> = SOURCE_LANGUAGES.iter().map(|l| l.label).collect();
+        let tgt_labels: Vec<&str> = TARGET_LANGUAGES.iter().map(|l| l.label).collect();
+
+        let source_popup = make_popup(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 14.0, 6.0, 145.0, 26.0),
+            &src_labels,
+            0,
+            ActionTag::SourceLangChanged as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let swap_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 163.0, 6.0, 38.0, 26.0),
+            "⇄",
+            ActionTag::SwapLanguages as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let target_popup = make_popup(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 205.0, 6.0, 165.0, 26.0),
+            &tgt_labels,
+            0,
+            ActionTag::TargetLangChanged as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let translate_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, w - 166.0, 6.0, 92.0, 26.0),
+            "立即翻译",
+            ActionTag::TranslateNow as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let clear_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, w - 70.0, 6.0, 56.0, 26.0),
+            "清空",
+            ActionTag::ClearTranslate as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+
+        let input_h = 118.0;
+        let (input_scroll, input_tv) = make_scrollable_text_view(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 14.0, 38.0, w - 28.0, input_h),
+            true,
+            14.0,
+            Some(dispatcher),
+        );
+
+        let cards_top = 38.0 + input_h + 10.0;
+        let cards_h = (h - cards_top - 14.0).max(160.0);
+        let col_w = ((w - 38.0) / 2.0).max(200.0);
+
+        let web_card = make_card_box(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, cards_top, col_w, cards_h));
+        let web_header_label = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(cards_h, 10.0, 8.0, col_w - 76.0, 18.0),
+            "网页极速翻译 (Google / Bing 竞速)",
+            12.0,
+            true,
+            false,
+        );
+        let web_copy_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(cards_h, col_w - 64.0, 5.0, 54.0, 24.0),
+            "复制",
+            ActionTag::CopyWebResult as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let (web_scroll, web_tv) = make_scrollable_text_view(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(cards_h, 4.0, 32.0, col_w - 8.0, cards_h - 36.0),
+            false,
+            13.5,
+            None,
+        );
+        add_subview(&web_card, &web_header_label);
+        add_subview(&web_card, &web_copy_btn);
+        add_subview(&web_card, &web_scroll);
+
+        let ai_card = make_card_box(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 14.0 + col_w + 10.0, cards_top, col_w, cards_h),
+        );
+        let ai_header_label = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(cards_h, 10.0, 8.0, col_w - 76.0, 18.0),
+            "AI 翻译",
+            12.0,
+            true,
+            false,
+        );
+        let ai_copy_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(cards_h, col_w - 64.0, 5.0, 54.0, 24.0),
+            "复制",
+            ActionTag::CopyAiResult as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let (ai_scroll, ai_tv) = make_scrollable_text_view(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(cards_h, 4.0, 32.0, col_w - 8.0, cards_h - 36.0),
+            false,
+            13.5,
+            None,
+        );
+        add_subview(&ai_card, &ai_header_label);
+        add_subview(&ai_card, &ai_copy_btn);
+        add_subview(&ai_card, &ai_scroll);
+
+        add_subview(&root, &source_popup);
+        add_subview(&root, &swap_btn);
+        add_subview(&root, &target_popup);
+        add_subview(&root, &translate_btn);
+        add_subview(&root, &clear_btn);
+        add_subview(&root, &input_scroll);
+        add_subview(&root, &web_card);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_card);
+
+        TranslateViewWidgets {
+            root,
+            source_popup,
+            swap_btn,
+            target_popup,
+            translate_btn,
+            clear_btn,
+            input_scroll,
+            input_tv,
+            web_card,
+            web_header_label,
+            web_copy_btn,
+            web_scroll,
+            web_tv,
+            ai_card,
+            ai_header_label,
+            ai_copy_btn,
+            ai_scroll,
+            ai_tv,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_chat_view(
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+        frame: NSRect,
+        dispatcher: &AnyObject,
+        action_sel: Sel,
+    ) -> ChatViewWidgets {
+        let w = frame.size.width;
+        let h = frame.size.height;
+        let root = NSView::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+
+        let conv_popup = make_popup(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 14.0, 6.0, 260.0, 26.0),
+            &["当前对话"],
+            0,
+            ActionTag::SelectConversation as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let new_conv_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 280.0, 6.0, 82.0, 26.0),
+            "+ 新对话",
+            ActionTag::NewConversation as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let clear_hist_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 366.0, 6.0, 82.0, 26.0),
+            "清空历史",
+            ActionTag::ClearChatHistory as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let stop_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, w - 166.0, 6.0, 74.0, 26.0),
+            "停止",
+            ActionTag::StopChatStream as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let copy_reply_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, w - 88.0, 6.0, 74.0, 26.0),
+            "复制回复",
+            ActionTag::CopyLastReply as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+
+        let input_h = 72.0;
+        let transcript_h = (h - 38.0 - input_h - 22.0).max(180.0);
+        let (transcript_scroll, transcript_tv) = make_scrollable_text_view(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 14.0, 38.0, w - 28.0, transcript_h),
+            false,
+            13.5,
+            None,
+        );
+        let input_top = 38.0 + transcript_h + 8.0;
+        let (input_scroll, input_tv) = make_scrollable_text_view(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 14.0, input_top, w - 104.0, input_h),
+            true,
+            13.5,
+            Some(dispatcher),
+        );
+        let send_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, w - 84.0, input_top + 18.0, 70.0, 36.0),
+            "发送",
+            ActionTag::SendChat as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+
+        add_subview(&root, &conv_popup);
+        add_subview(&root, &new_conv_btn);
+        add_subview(&root, &clear_hist_btn);
+        add_subview(&root, &stop_btn);
+        add_subview(&root, &copy_reply_btn);
+        add_subview(&root, &transcript_scroll);
+        add_subview(&root, &input_scroll);
+        add_subview(&root, &send_btn);
+
+        ChatViewWidgets {
+            root,
+            conv_popup,
+            new_conv_btn,
+            clear_hist_btn,
+            stop_btn,
+            copy_reply_btn,
+            transcript_scroll,
+            transcript_tv,
+            input_scroll,
+            input_tv,
+            send_btn,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn build_settings_view(
+        mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+        frame: NSRect,
+        settings: &SettingsStore,
+        dispatcher: &AnyObject,
+        action_sel: Sel,
+    ) -> SettingsViewWidgets {
+        let w = frame.size.width;
+        let h = frame.size.height;
+        let root = NSView::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+
+        let ai_cfg = settings.ai_translation_for_request();
+        let chat_cfg = settings.chat_ai_for_request();
+        let sc_cfg = settings.shortcuts();
+        let app_cfg = settings.appearance();
+
+        let backend_labels: Vec<&str> = AiBackendKind::ALL.iter().map(|b| b.label()).collect();
+        let ai_backend_idx = AiBackendKind::ALL
+            .iter()
+            .position(|&b| b == ai_cfg.backend)
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+        let chat_backend_idx = AiBackendKind::ALL
+            .iter()
+            .position(|&b| b == chat_cfg.backend)
+            .unwrap_or(0);
+
+        // Left Column: AI 翻译引擎 & AI 对话引擎
+        let sec1_title = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 14.0, 4.0, 200.0, 18.0),
+            "一、AI 翻译引擎（独立模块）",
+            12.5,
+            true,
+            false,
+        );
+        let ai_enabled_chk = make_checkbox(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 210.0, 3.0, 120.0, 20.0),
+            "启用 AI 翻译",
+            ai_cfg.enabled,
+            0,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &sec1_title);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_enabled_chk);
+
+        let lbl_ai_backend = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 28.0, 62.0, 18.0), "接入方式", 11.5, false, true);
+        let ai_backend_popup = make_popup(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 25.0, 195.0, 24.0),
+            &backend_labels,
+            ai_backend_idx,
+            ActionTag::AiTransBackendChanged as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let btn_ai_def_url = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 276.0, 25.0, 62.0, 24.0),
+            "默认地址",
+            ActionTag::AiTransFillDefaultUrl as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_ai_backend);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_backend_popup);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_ai_def_url);
+
+        let lbl_ai_url = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 55.0, 62.0, 18.0), "服务地址", 11.5, false, true);
+        let ai_base_url_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 53.0, 258.0, 22.0),
+            &ai_cfg.base_url,
+            "http://127.0.0.1:11434 或 https://api.openai.com/v1",
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_ai_url);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_base_url_field);
+
+        let lbl_ai_key = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 81.0, 62.0, 18.0), "API Key", 11.5, false, true);
+        let ai_key_field = make_secure_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 79.0, 148.0, 22.0),
+            if ai_cfg.has_api_key { "已存钥匙串 (留空不改)" } else { "本地服务/GGUF 免填" },
+        );
+        let ai_key_status_label = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 230.0, 81.0, 52.0, 18.0),
+            if ai_cfg.has_api_key { "已保存" } else { "未设置" },
+            11.0,
+            false,
+            true,
+        );
+        let btn_ai_clr_key = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 282.0, 78.0, 56.0, 22.0),
+            "清除",
+            ActionTag::AiTransClearKey as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_ai_key);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_key_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_key_status_label);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_ai_clr_key);
+
+        let lbl_ai_model = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 107.0, 62.0, 18.0), "模型名称", 11.5, false, true);
+        let ai_model_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 105.0, 122.0, 22.0),
+            &ai_cfg.model,
+            "如 qwen2.5:7b / gpt-4o-mini",
+        );
+        let btn_ai_discover = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 202.0, 104.0, 64.0, 24.0),
+            "探测模型",
+            ActionTag::AiTransDiscoverModels as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let ai_discovered_popup = make_popup(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 266.0, 104.0, 72.0, 24.0),
+            &["选择…"],
+            0,
+            ActionTag::AiTransModelPopupSelected as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_ai_model);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_model_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_ai_discover);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_discovered_popup);
+
+        let lbl_ai_gguf = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 133.0, 62.0, 18.0), "GGUF路径", 11.5, false, true);
+        let ai_gguf_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 131.0, 198.0, 22.0),
+            &ai_cfg.gguf_model_path,
+            "直接加载 .gguf 量化模型路径",
+        );
+        let btn_ai_gguf = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 278.0, 130.0, 60.0, 24.0),
+            "浏览…",
+            ActionTag::AiTransBrowseGguf as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_ai_gguf);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_gguf_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_ai_gguf);
+
+        let lbl_ai_tok = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 159.0, 62.0, 18.0), "分词器", 11.5, false, true);
+        let ai_tokenizer_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 157.0, 198.0, 22.0),
+            &ai_cfg.gguf_tokenizer_path,
+            "可选 tokenizer.json (留空读内嵌词表)",
+        );
+        let btn_ai_tok = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 278.0, 156.0, 60.0, 24.0),
+            "浏览…",
+            ActionTag::AiTransBrowseTokenizer as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_ai_tok);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_tokenizer_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_ai_tok);
+
+        let lbl_ai_prompt = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 185.0, 62.0, 18.0), "翻译指令", 11.5, false, true);
+        let ai_prompt_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 183.0, 258.0, 22.0),
+            &ai_cfg.translate_prompt,
+            "包含 {source} 与 {target} 占位符",
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_ai_prompt);
+        add_subview(&root, &ai_prompt_field);
+
+        // Section 2: AI 对话引擎（左下）
+        let sec2_title = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 14.0, 216.0, 165.0, 18.0),
+            "二、AI 对话引擎",
+            12.5,
+            true,
+            false,
+        );
+        let btn_sync_from_trans = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 185.0, 212.0, 152.0, 24.0),
+            "复用上方翻译模型配置",
+            ActionTag::ChatCopyFromTrans as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &sec2_title);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_sync_from_trans);
+
+        let lbl_chat_backend = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 242.0, 62.0, 18.0), "接入方式", 11.5, false, true);
+        let chat_backend_popup = make_popup(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 239.0, 195.0, 24.0),
+            &backend_labels,
+            chat_backend_idx,
+            ActionTag::ChatBackendChanged as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let btn_chat_def_url = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 276.0, 239.0, 62.0, 24.0),
+            "默认地址",
+            ActionTag::ChatFillDefaultUrl as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_chat_backend);
+        add_subview(&root, &chat_backend_popup);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_chat_def_url);
+
+        let lbl_chat_url = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 269.0, 62.0, 18.0), "服务地址", 11.5, false, true);
+        let chat_base_url_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 267.0, 258.0, 22.0),
+            &chat_cfg.base_url,
+            "http://127.0.0.1:11434 或 https://api.openai.com/v1",
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_chat_url);
+        add_subview(&root, &chat_base_url_field);
+
+        let lbl_chat_key = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 295.0, 62.0, 18.0), "API Key", 11.5, false, true);
+        let chat_key_field = make_secure_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 293.0, 148.0, 22.0),
+            if chat_cfg.has_api_key { "已存钥匙串 (留空不改)" } else { "本地服务/GGUF 免填" },
+        );
+        let chat_key_status_label = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 230.0, 295.0, 52.0, 18.0),
+            if chat_cfg.has_api_key { "已保存" } else { "未设置" },
+            11.0,
+            false,
+            true,
+        );
+        let btn_chat_clr_key = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 282.0, 292.0, 56.0, 22.0),
+            "清除",
+            ActionTag::ChatClearKey as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_chat_key);
+        add_subview(&root, &chat_key_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &chat_key_status_label);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_chat_clr_key);
+
+        let lbl_chat_model = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 321.0, 62.0, 18.0), "模型名称", 11.5, false, true);
+        let chat_model_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 319.0, 122.0, 22.0),
+            &chat_cfg.model,
+            "如 qwen2.5:7b / gpt-4o-mini",
+        );
+        let btn_chat_discover = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 202.0, 318.0, 64.0, 24.0),
+            "探测模型",
+            ActionTag::ChatDiscoverModels as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let chat_discovered_popup = make_popup(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 266.0, 318.0, 72.0, 24.0),
+            &["选择…"],
+            0,
+            ActionTag::ChatModelPopupSelected as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_chat_model);
+        add_subview(&root, &chat_model_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_chat_discover);
+        add_subview(&root, &chat_discovered_popup);
+
+        let lbl_chat_gguf = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 347.0, 62.0, 18.0), "GGUF路径", 11.5, false, true);
+        let chat_gguf_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 345.0, 198.0, 22.0),
+            &chat_cfg.gguf_model_path,
+            "直接加载 .gguf 量化模型路径",
+        );
+        let btn_chat_gguf = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 278.0, 344.0, 60.0, 24.0),
+            "浏览…",
+            ActionTag::ChatBrowseGguf as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_chat_gguf);
+        add_subview(&root, &chat_gguf_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_chat_gguf);
+
+        let lbl_chat_prompt = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, 14.0, 373.0, 62.0, 18.0), "系统提示", 11.5, false, true);
+        let chat_prompt_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, 78.0, 371.0, 258.0, 22.0),
+            &chat_cfg.chat_prompt,
+            "可选 System Prompt",
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_chat_prompt);
+        add_subview(&root, &chat_prompt_field);
+
+        // Right Column: 全局快捷键 & 外观通用
+        let rx = 354.0;
+        let rw = (w - rx - 14.0).max(290.0);
+
+        let sec3_title = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx, 4.0, 180.0, 18.0),
+            "三、全局快捷键",
+            12.5,
+            true,
+            false,
+        );
+        let btn_reset_sc = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx + rw - 92.0, 2.0, 92.0, 24.0),
+            "恢复默认热键",
+            ActionTag::ResetDefaultShortcuts as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &sec3_title);
+        add_subview(&root, &btn_reset_sc);
+
+        let lbl_sc1 = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, rx, 32.0, 88.0, 18.0), "呼出翻译窗口", 11.5, false, true);
+        let sc_toggle_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx + 90.0, 30.0, rw - 90.0, 22.0),
+            &sc_cfg.toggle,
+            "如 CmdOrCtrl+Shift+Space",
+        );
+        let lbl_sc2 = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, rx, 60.0, 88.0, 18.0), "截图 OCR 翻译", 11.5, false, true);
+        let sc_ocr_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx + 90.0, 58.0, rw - 90.0, 22.0),
+            &sc_cfg.ocr,
+            "如 CmdOrCtrl+Shift+S",
+        );
+        let lbl_sc3 = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, rx, 88.0, 88.0, 18.0), "呼出 AI 对话", 11.5, false, true);
+        let sc_ai_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx + 90.0, 86.0, rw - 90.0, 22.0),
+            &sc_cfg.ai_dialog,
+            "如 Option+Space",
+        );
+        let lbl_sc4 = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, rx, 116.0, 88.0, 18.0), "划词即时翻译", 11.5, false, true);
+        let sc_sel_trans_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx + 90.0, 114.0, rw - 90.0, 22.0),
+            &sc_cfg.selection_translate,
+            "可与呼出翻译共用同一热键",
+        );
+        let lbl_sc5 = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, rx, 144.0, 88.0, 18.0), "划词发送 AI", 11.5, false, true);
+        let sc_sel_ai_field = make_text_field(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx + 90.0, 142.0, rw - 90.0, 22.0),
+            &sc_cfg.selection_ai_dialog,
+            "可与呼出 AI 对话共用同一热键",
+        );
+
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_sc1);
+        add_subview(&root, &sc_toggle_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_sc2);
+        add_subview(&root, &sc_ocr_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_sc3);
+        add_subview(&root, &sc_ai_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_sc4);
+        add_subview(&root, &sc_sel_trans_field);
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_sc5);
+        add_subview(&root, &sc_sel_ai_field);
+
+        let sec4_title = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx, 182.0, 200.0, 18.0),
+            "四、外观与系统集成",
+            12.5,
+            true,
+            false,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &sec4_title);
+
+        let lbl_opacity = make_label(mtm, top_rect(h, rx, 210.0, 82.0, 18.0), "面板不透明度", 11.5, false, true);
+        let opacity_slider = make_slider(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx + 86.0, 208.0, rw - 136.0, 22.0),
+            PANEL_OPACITY_MIN,
+            PANEL_OPACITY_MAX,
+            app_cfg.panel_opacity,
+            ActionTag::OpacitySliderChanged as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        let opacity_val_label = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx + rw - 46.0, 210.0, 46.0, 18.0),
+            &format!("{:.0}%", app_cfg.panel_opacity * 100.0),
+            11.5,
+            false,
+            false,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &lbl_opacity);
+        add_subview(&root, &opacity_slider);
+        add_subview(&root, &opacity_val_label);
+
+        let autostart_chk = make_checkbox(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx, 240.0, 220.0, 22.0),
+            "登录 macOS 时开机自动静默启动",
+            ttree_platform_macos::autostart::is_enabled(),
+            0,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &autostart_chk);
+
+        let notes_label = make_label(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx, 272.0, rw, 84.0),
+            "提示：\n• Ollama 默认端口 11434，LM Studio 默认 1234，MLX 默认 8080\n• 选择「直接加载本地 GGUF 模型」可在 Apple Silicon Metal GPU 上原生运行量化模型\n• 修改后点击下方「保存全部配置」立即生效",
+            11.0,
+            false,
+            true,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &notes_label);
+
+        let save_btn = make_button(
+            mtm,
+            top_rect(h, rx, 364.0, rw, 34.0),
+            "💾 保存全部配置 (立即生效)",
+            ActionTag::SaveSettings as isize,
+            dispatcher,
+            action_sel,
+        );
+        add_subview(&root, &save_btn);
+
+        SettingsViewWidgets {
+            root,
+            ai_enabled_chk,
+            ai_backend_popup,
+            ai_base_url_field,
+            ai_key_field,
+            ai_key_status_label,
+            ai_model_field,
+            ai_discovered_popup,
+            ai_gguf_field,
+            ai_tokenizer_field,
+            ai_prompt_field,
+            chat_backend_popup,
+            chat_base_url_field,
+            chat_key_field,
+            chat_key_status_label,
+            chat_model_field,
+            chat_discovered_popup,
+            chat_gguf_field,
+            chat_prompt_field,
+            sc_toggle_field,
+            sc_ocr_field,
+            sc_ai_field,
+            sc_sel_trans_field,
+            sc_sel_ai_field,
+            opacity_slider,
+            opacity_val_label,
+            autostart_chk,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_status(&self, msg: &str) {
+        set_field_string(&self.status_label, msg);
+    }
+
+    pub fn switch_tab(&mut self, tab: TabMode) {
+        if self.active_tab == TabMode::Settings && tab != TabMode::Settings {
+            self.set_pinned(self.pin_before_settings);
+        } else if self.active_tab != TabMode::Settings && tab == TabMode::Settings {
+            self.pin_before_settings = self.is_pinned;
+            self.set_pinned(true);
+        }
+
+        self.active_tab = tab;
+        self.translate_ui.root.setHidden(tab != TabMode::Translate);
+        self.chat_ui.root.setHidden(tab != TabMode::Chat);
+        self.settings_ui.root.setHidden(tab != TabMode::Settings);
+
+        let t_title = if tab == TabMode::Translate { "● 翻译" } else { "翻译" };
+        let c_title = if tab == TabMode::Chat { "● AI 对话" } else { "AI 对话" };
+        let s_title = if tab == TabMode::Settings { "● 设置" } else { "设置" };
+        self.tab_translate_btn.setTitle(&NSString::from_str(t_title));
+        self.tab_chat_btn.setTitle(&NSString::from_str(c_title));
+        self.tab_settings_btn.setTitle(&NSString::from_str(s_title));
+
+        match tab {
+            TabMode::Translate => {
+                let _ = self.window.makeFirstResponder(Some(&self.translate_ui.input_tv));
+            }
+            TabMode::Chat => {
+                let _ = self.window.makeFirstResponder(Some(&self.chat_ui.input_tv));
+            }
+            TabMode::Settings => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_pinned(&mut self, pinned: bool) {
+        self.is_pinned = pinned;
+        let level = if pinned {
+            NSFloatingWindowLevel
+        } else {
+            NSNormalWindowLevel
+        };
+        self.window.setLevel(level);
+        let title = if pinned { "📌 已置顶" } else { "置顶" };
+        self.pin_btn.setTitle(&NSString::from_str(title));
+    }
+
+    pub fn show_and_focus_window(&mut self) {
+        let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+        if !self.window.isVisible() {
+            if let Some(screen) = NSScreen::mainScreen(self.mtm) {
+                let vf = screen.visibleFrame();
+                let wf = self.window.frame();
+                let x = vf.origin.x + (vf.size.width - wf.size.width) * 0.5;
+                let y = vf.origin.y + (vf.size.height - wf.size.height) * 0.62;
+                self.window.setFrameOrigin(NSPoint::new(x, y));
+            }
+        }
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        app.activateIgnoringOtherApps(true);
+        self.window.makeKeyAndOrderFront(None);
+        match self.active_tab {
+            TabMode::Translate => {
+                let _ = self.window.makeFirstResponder(Some(&self.translate_ui.input_tv));
+            }
+            TabMode::Chat => {
+                let _ = self.window.makeFirstResponder(Some(&self.chat_ui.input_tv));
+            }
+            TabMode::Settings => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn hide_window(&mut self) {
+        self.window.orderOut(None);
+    }
+
+    pub fn refresh_ai_header_badge(&self) {
+        let cfg = self.settings.ai_translation_for_request();
+        let label = if !cfg.enabled {
+            "AI 翻译 (已在设置中关闭)".to_string()
+        } else {
+            match cfg.backend {
+                AiBackendKind::OpenAiCompatible => format!("AI 翻译 (云端 · {})", cfg.model),
+                AiBackendKind::Ollama => format!("AI 翻译 (Ollama · {})", cfg.model),
+                AiBackendKind::LocalServer => format!("AI 翻译 (本地服务 · {})", cfg.model),
+                AiBackendKind::CandleGguf => {
+                    let name = std::path::Path::new(&cfg.gguf_model_path)
+                        .file_name()
+                        .and_then(|s| s.to_str())
+                        .unwrap_or("未选 .gguf");
+                    format!("AI 翻译 (GGUF · {name})")
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        set_field_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_header_label, &label);
+    }
+
+    pub fn selected_source_code(&self) -> &'static str {
+        let idx = self.translate_ui.source_popup.indexOfSelectedItem();
+        SOURCE_LANGUAGES
+            .get(idx.max(0) as usize)
+            .map(|l| l.code)
+            .unwrap_or("auto")
+    }
+
+    pub fn selected_target_code(&self) -> &'static str {
+        let idx = self.translate_ui.target_popup.indexOfSelectedItem();
+        TARGET_LANGUAGES
+            .get(idx.max(0) as usize)
+            .map(|l| l.code)
+            .unwrap_or(ADAPTIVE_TARGET)
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_translation(&mut self) {
+        let raw_text = get_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.input_tv);
+        let trimmed = raw_text.trim().to_string();
+        self.pending_debounce_since = None;
+
+        if trimmed.is_empty() {
+            self.translate_cancel.cancel_current();
+            set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.web_tv, "");
+            set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_tv, "");
+            self.last_translated_source.clear();
+            self.set_status("就绪");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let cancel_token = self.translate_cancel.next();
+        self.translate_gen = self.translate_gen.wrapping_add(1);
+        let gen = self.translate_gen;
+        self.last_translated_source = trimmed.clone();
+
+        let src_ui = self.selected_source_code();
+        let tgt_ui = self.selected_target_code();
+        let (resolved_src, resolved_tgt) = resolve_language_pair(&trimmed, src_ui, tgt_ui);
+
+        set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.web_tv, "正在极速翻译…");
+        let ai_cfg = self.settings.ai_translation_for_request();
+        self.refresh_ai_header_badge();
+        if ai_cfg.enabled {
+            set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_tv, "正在请求 AI 流式译文…");
+        } else {
+            set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_tv, "（AI 翻译未启用，可在「设置」中开启或接入本地 Ollama / GGUF 模型）");
+        }
+        self.set_status(&format!("正在翻译 ({resolved_src} → {resolved_tgt})…"));
+
+        // 1. 并发启动极速网页翻译（Google POST + Bing 内存缓存 Token 竞速）
+        let web_tx = self.ui_tx.clone();
+        let web_text = trimmed.clone();
+        let web_src = resolved_src.clone();
+        let web_tgt = resolved_tgt.clone();
+        let web_cancel = cancel_token.clone();
+        self.rt.spawn(async move {
+            let res =
+                ttree_translate::translate_web(&web_text, &web_src, &web_tgt, &web_cancel).await;
+            if !web_cancel.is_cancelled() {
+                let _ = web_tx.send(UiEvent::WebTranslateResult { gen, result: res });
+            }
+        });
+
+        // 2. 并发启动 AI 流式翻译（云端 / Ollama / LM Studio / 本地 GGUF）
+        if ai_cfg.enabled {
+            let ai_tx = self.ui_tx.clone();
+            let ai_text = trimmed;
+            let ai_cancel = cancel_token;
+            self.rt.spawn(async move {
+                let delta_tx = ai_tx.clone();
+                let res = ttree_ai::stream_translate(
+                    &ai_cfg,
+                    &ai_text,
+                    &resolved_src,
+                    &resolved_tgt,
+                    &ai_cancel,
+                    move |delta| {
+                        let _ = delta_tx.send(UiEvent::AiTranslateDelta {
+                            gen,
+                            delta: delta.to_string(),
+                        });
+                    },
+                )
+                .await;
+                if !ai_cancel.is_cancelled() {
+                    let _ = ai_tx.send(UiEvent::AiTranslateFinished {
+                        gen,
+                        error: res.err(),
+                    });
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn trigger_ocr(&mut self) {
+        self.hide_window();
+        self.set_status("正在框选截图区域…");
+        let tx = self.ui_tx.clone();
+        self.rt.spawn(async move {
+            let res = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(ttree_ocr::capture_and_recognize)
+                .await
+                .unwrap_or_else(|e| Err(format!("OCR 线程异常: {e}")));
+            let _ = tx.send(UiEvent::OcrCompleted { outcome: res });
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn handle_hotkey_action(&mut self, action: ShortcutAction) {
+        let sc = self.settings.shortcuts();
+        match action {
+            ShortcutAction::Toggle => {
+                if self.window.isVisible()
+                    && self.window.isKeyWindow()
+                    && self.active_tab == TabMode::Translate
+                {
+                    self.hide_window();
+                } else {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                }
+            }
+            ShortcutAction::Ocr => {
+                self.trigger_ocr();
+            }
+            ShortcutAction::AiDialog => {
+                if self.window.isVisible()
+                    && self.window.isKeyWindow()
+                    && self.active_tab == TabMode::Chat
+                {
+                    self.hide_window();
+                } else {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Chat);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                }
+            }
+            ShortcutAction::SelectionTranslate => {
+                let shared_with_toggle = sc.toggle.trim() == sc.selection_translate.trim();
+                if shared_with_toggle
+                    && self.window.isVisible()
+                    && self.window.isKeyWindow()
+                    && self.active_tab == TabMode::Translate
+                {
+                    self.hide_window();
+                    return;
+                }
+                let tx = self.ui_tx.clone();
+                self.rt.spawn(async move {
+                    let captured = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(
+                        ttree_platform_macos::selection::capture_selected_text,
+                    )
+                    .await
+                    .ok()
+                    .and_then(Result::ok)
+                    .flatten();
+                    let _ = tx.send(UiEvent::SelectionCapturedForTranslate {
+                        text: captured,
+                        fallback_toggle: shared_with_toggle,
+                    });
+                });
+            }
+            ShortcutAction::SelectionAiDialog => {
+                let shared_with_ai = sc.ai_dialog.trim() == sc.selection_ai_dialog.trim();
+                if shared_with_ai
+                    && self.window.isVisible()
+                    && self.window.isKeyWindow()
+                    && self.active_tab == TabMode::Chat
+                {
+                    self.hide_window();
+                    return;
+                }
+                let tx = self.ui_tx.clone();
+                self.rt.spawn(async move {
+                    let captured = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(
+                        ttree_platform_macos::selection::capture_selected_text,
+                    )
+                    .await
+                    .ok()
+                    .and_then(Result::ok)
+                    .flatten();
+                    let _ = tx.send(UiEvent::SelectionCapturedForChat {
+                        text: captured,
+                        fallback_toggle: shared_with_ai,
+                    });
+                });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn on_action(&mut self, tag: ActionTag) {
+        match tag {
+            ActionTag::TabTranslate => {
+                self.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                self.show_and_focus_window();
+            }
+            ActionTag::TabChat => {
+                self.switch_tab(TabMode::Chat);
+                self.show_and_focus_window();
+            }
+            ActionTag::TabSettings => {
+                self.switch_tab(TabMode::Settings);
+                self.show_and_focus_window();
+            }
+            ActionTag::TriggerOcr => self.trigger_ocr(),
+            ActionTag::TogglePin => self.set_pinned(!self.is_pinned),
+            ActionTag::TrayQuit => {
+                let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(self.mtm);
+                app.terminate(None);
+            }
+            ActionTag::HideOrEscape => {
+                if self.active_tab == TabMode::Settings {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                } else {
+                    self.hide_window();
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::TranslateNow => self.start_translation(),
+            ActionTag::ClearTranslate => {
+                self.translate_cancel.cancel_current();
+                set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.input_tv, "");
+                set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.web_tv, "");
+                set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_tv, "");
+                self.last_observed_source.clear();
+                self.last_translated_source.clear();
+                self.pending_debounce_since = None;
+                self.set_status("已清空");
+            }
+            ActionTag::SwapLanguages => {
+                let src_code = self.selected_source_code();
+                let tgt_code = self.selected_target_code();
+                if src_code != "auto" && tgt_code != ADAPTIVE_TARGET {
+                    let new_src_code = if tgt_code.starts_with("zh") {
+                        "zh-CN"
+                    } else {
+                        tgt_code
+                    };
+                    if let Some(new_src_idx) =
+                        SOURCE_LANGUAGES.iter().position(|l| l.code == new_src_code)
+                    {
+                        if let Some(new_tgt_idx) =
+                            TARGET_LANGUAGES.iter().position(|l| l.code == src_code)
+                        {
+                            self.translate_ui
+                                .source_popup
+                                .selectItemAtIndex(new_src_idx as isize);
+                            self.translate_ui
+                                .target_popup
+                                .selectItemAtIndex(new_tgt_idx as isize);
+                            self.start_translation();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::SourceLangChanged | ActionTag::TargetLangChanged => {
+                if !get_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.input_tv)
+                    .trim()
+                    .is_empty()
+                {
+                    self.start_translation();
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::CopyWebResult => {
+                let text = get_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.web_tv);
+                if copy_to_pasteboard(&text) {
+                    self.set_status("✓ 已复制网页翻译结果");
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::CopyAiResult => {
+                let text = get_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_tv);
+                if copy_to_pasteboard(&text) {
+                    self.set_status("✓ 已复制 AI 翻译结果");
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::SendChat => self.send_chat_from_input(),
+            ActionTag::NewConversation => {
+                self.chat_cancel.cancel_current();
+                self.chat_streaming = false;
+                let _ = self.history.start_new_conversation();
+                self.active_conversation_id = None;
+                self.current_messages.clear();
+                self.streaming_assistant_buffer.clear();
+                self.refresh_conversations_popup();
+                self.render_chat_transcript();
+                self.set_status("已开启新对话");
+            }
+            ActionTag::ClearChatHistory => {
+                self.chat_cancel.cancel_current();
+                self.chat_streaming = false;
+                let _ = self.history.clear();
+                self.conversations.clear();
+                self.active_conversation_id = None;
+                self.current_messages.clear();
+                self.streaming_assistant_buffer.clear();
+                self.refresh_conversations_popup();
+                self.render_chat_transcript();
+                self.set_status("✓ 对话历史已清空");
+            }
+            ActionTag::StopChatStream => {
+                self.chat_cancel.cancel_current();
+                self.chat_streaming = false;
+                self.set_status("已停止生成");
+            }
+            ActionTag::SelectConversation => {
+                let idx = self.chat_ui.conv_popup.indexOfSelectedItem();
+                if idx >= 0 && (idx as usize) < self.conversations.len() {
+                    let conv = &self.conversations[idx as usize];
+                    self.active_conversation_id = Some(conv.id);
+                    self.current_messages = conv.messages.clone();
+                    self.streaming_assistant_buffer.clear();
+                    self.render_chat_transcript();
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::CopyLastReply => {
+                if let Some(last) = self
+                    .current_messages
+                    .iter()
+                    .rev()
+                    .find(|m| m.role == "assistant")
+                {
+                    if copy_to_pasteboard(&last.content) {
+                        self.set_status("✓ 已复制最后一条 AI 回复");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::AiTransBackendChanged => {
+                let backend = self.selected_ai_trans_backend();
+                let cur_url = get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_base_url_field);
+                if cur_url.trim().is_empty()
+                    || cur_url == "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+                    || cur_url == "http://127.0.0.1:11434"
+                    || cur_url == "http://127.0.0.1:1234/v1"
+                {
+                    set_field_string(
+                        &self.settings_ui.ai_base_url_field,
+                        backend.default_base_url(),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::AiTransFillDefaultUrl => {
+                let backend = self.selected_ai_trans_backend();
+                set_field_string(
+                    &self.settings_ui.ai_base_url_field,
+                    backend.default_base_url(),
+                );
+            }
+            ActionTag::AiTransDiscoverModels => self.discover_models(false),
+            ActionTag::AiTransModelPopupSelected => {
+                if let Some(title) = self.settings_ui.ai_discovered_popup.titleOfSelectedItem() {
+                    let s = title.to_string();
+                    if s != "选择…" {
+                        set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_model_field, &s);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::AiTransBrowseGguf => {
+                if let Some(path) = self.pick_file(&["gguf"]) {
+                    set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_gguf_field, &path);
+                    self.settings_ui.ai_backend_popup.selectItemAtIndex(3);
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::AiTransBrowseTokenizer => {
+                if let Some(path) = self.pick_file(&["json"]) {
+                    set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_tokenizer_field, &path);
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::AiTransClearKey => {
+                self.pending_clear_ai_key = true;
+                set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_key_field, "");
+                set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_key_status_label, "待清除");
+            }
+            ActionTag::ChatBackendChanged => {
+                let backend = self.selected_chat_backend();
+                let cur_url = get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_base_url_field);
+                if cur_url.trim().is_empty()
+                    || cur_url == "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+                    || cur_url == "http://127.0.0.1:11434"
+                    || cur_url == "http://127.0.0.1:1234/v1"
+                {
+                    set_field_string(
+                        &self.settings_ui.chat_base_url_field,
+                        backend.default_base_url(),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::ChatFillDefaultUrl => {
+                let backend = self.selected_chat_backend();
+                set_field_string(
+                    &self.settings_ui.chat_base_url_field,
+                    backend.default_base_url(),
+                );
+            }
+            ActionTag::ChatDiscoverModels => self.discover_models(true),
+            ActionTag::ChatModelPopupSelected => {
+                if let Some(title) = self.settings_ui.chat_discovered_popup.titleOfSelectedItem() {
+                    let s = title.to_string();
+                    if s != "选择…" {
+                        set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_model_field, &s);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::ChatBrowseGguf => {
+                if let Some(path) = self.pick_file(&["gguf"]) {
+                    set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_gguf_field, &path);
+                    self.settings_ui.chat_backend_popup.selectItemAtIndex(3);
+                }
+            }
+            ActionTag::ChatCopyFromTrans => {
+                let idx = self.settings_ui.ai_backend_popup.indexOfSelectedItem();
+                self.settings_ui.chat_backend_popup.selectItemAtIndex(idx);
+                set_field_string(
+                    &self.settings_ui.chat_base_url_field,
+                    &get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_base_url_field),
+                );
+                set_field_string(
+                    &self.settings_ui.chat_model_field,
+                    &get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_model_field),
+                );
+                set_field_string(
+                    &self.settings_ui.chat_gguf_field,
+                    &get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_gguf_field),
+                );
+                self.set_status("已将翻译模型配置同步至对话引擎表单");
+            }
+            ActionTag::ChatClearKey => {
+                self.pending_clear_chat_key = true;
+                set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_key_field, "");
+                set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_key_status_label, "待清除");
+            }
+            ActionTag::ResetDefaultShortcuts => {
+                let def = ShortcutConfig::default();
+                set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.sc_toggle_field, &def.toggle);
+                set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.sc_ocr_field, &def.ocr);
+                set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.sc_ai_field, &def.ai_dialog);
+                set_field_string(
+                    &self.settings_ui.sc_sel_trans_field,
+                    &def.selection_translate,
+                );
+                set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.sc_sel_ai_field, &def.selection_ai_dialog);
+                self.set_status("已填入默认快捷键，点击「保存全部配置」生效");
+            }
+            ActionTag::OpacitySliderChanged => {
+                let val = AppearanceConfig::clamp_opacity(
+                    self.settings_ui.opacity_slider.doubleValue(),
+                );
+                self.window.setAlphaValue(val);
+                set_field_string(
+                    &self.settings_ui.opacity_val_label,
+                    &format!("{:.0}%", val * 100.0),
+                );
+            }
+            ActionTag::SaveSettings => self.save_all_settings(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn selected_ai_trans_backend(&self) -> AiBackendKind {
+        let idx = self.settings_ui.ai_backend_popup.indexOfSelectedItem();
+        AiBackendKind::ALL
+            .get(idx.max(0) as usize)
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(AiBackendKind::OpenAiCompatible)
+    }
+
+    fn selected_chat_backend(&self) -> AiBackendKind {
+        let idx = self.settings_ui.chat_backend_popup.indexOfSelectedItem();
+        AiBackendKind::ALL
+            .get(idx.max(0) as usize)
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(AiBackendKind::OpenAiCompatible)
+    }
+
+    fn discover_models(&mut self, for_chat: bool) {
+        let (backend, base_url) = if for_chat {
+            (
+                self.selected_chat_backend(),
+                get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_base_url_field),
+            )
+        } else {
+            (
+                self.selected_ai_trans_backend(),
+                get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_base_url_field),
+            )
+        };
+        self.set_status("正在探测本机已加载模型…");
+        let tx = self.ui_tx.clone();
+        self.rt.spawn(async move {
+            let res = ttree_ai::discover_local_models(backend, &base_url).await;
+            let _ = tx.send(UiEvent::ModelsDiscovered {
+                for_chat,
+                result: res,
+            });
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn pick_file(&mut self, allowed_exts: &[&str]) -> Option<String> {
+        self.is_modal_open = true;
+        let panel = NSOpenPanel::openPanel(self.mtm);
+        panel.setCanChooseFiles(true);
+        panel.setCanChooseDirectories(false);
+        panel.setAllowsMultipleSelection(false);
+        let response = panel.runModal();
+        self.is_modal_open = false;
+        if response != NSModalResponseOK {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let urls = panel.URLs();
+        let url = urls.firstObject()?;
+        let path = url.path()?.to_string();
+        if !allowed_exts.is_empty() {
+            let ext_ok = std::path::Path::new(&path)
+                .extension()
+                .and_then(|e| e.to_str())
+                .is_some_and(|ext| allowed_exts.iter().any(|a| a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(ext)));
+            if !ext_ok {
+                self.set_status(&format!(
+                    "⚠️ 请选择 .{} 格式的文件",
+                    allowed_exts.join("/")
+                ));
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        Some(path)
+    }
+
+    fn save_all_settings(&mut self) {
+        let ai_input = AiTranslationConfig {
+            enabled: self.settings_ui.ai_enabled_chk.state() == NSControlStateValueOn,
+            backend: self.selected_ai_trans_backend(),
+            base_url: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_base_url_field),
+            has_api_key: false,
+            api_key: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_key_field),
+            clear_api_key: self.pending_clear_ai_key,
+            model: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_model_field),
+            gguf_model_path: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_gguf_field),
+            gguf_tokenizer_path: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_tokenizer_field),
+            translate_prompt: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_prompt_field),
+        };
+        if let Err(e) = self.settings.save_ai_translation(&ai_input) {
+            self.set_status(&format!("❌ AI 翻译配置错误: {e}"));
+            return;
+        }
+        self.pending_clear_ai_key = false;
+
+        let chat_input = ChatAiConfig {
+            backend: self.selected_chat_backend(),
+            base_url: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_base_url_field),
+            has_api_key: false,
+            api_key: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_key_field),
+            clear_api_key: self.pending_clear_chat_key,
+            model: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_model_field),
+            gguf_model_path: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_gguf_field),
+            gguf_tokenizer_path: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_tokenizer_field),
+            chat_prompt: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_prompt_field),
+        };
+        if let Err(e) = self.settings.save_chat_ai(&chat_input) {
+            self.set_status(&format!("❌ AI 对话配置错误: {e}"));
+            return;
+        }
+        self.pending_clear_chat_key = false;
+
+        let sc_input = ShortcutConfig {
+            toggle: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.sc_toggle_field),
+            ocr: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.sc_ocr_field),
+            ai_dialog: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.sc_ai_field),
+            selection_translate: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.sc_sel_trans_field),
+            selection_ai_dialog: get_field_string(&self.settings_ui.sc_sel_ai_field),
+        };
+        match parse_shortcut_config(&sc_input) {
+            Ok(parsed) => {
+                for old_hk in self.registered_hotkeys.drain(..) {
+                    let _ = self.hotkey_mgr.unregister(old_hk);
+                }
+                for hk in parsed.unique_hotkeys() {
+                    if self.hotkey_mgr.register(hk).is_ok() {
+                        self.registered_hotkeys.push(hk);
+                    }
+                }
+                self.parsed_shortcuts = parsed;
+                let _ = self.settings.save_shortcuts(&sc_input);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                self.set_status(&format!("❌ 快捷键无效: {e}"));
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let opacity =
+            AppearanceConfig::clamp_opacity(self.settings_ui.opacity_slider.doubleValue());
+        let _ = self.settings.save_appearance(AppearanceConfig {
+            panel_opacity: opacity,
+        });
+        self.window.setAlphaValue(opacity);
+
+        let want_autostart = self.settings_ui.autostart_chk.state() == NSControlStateValueOn;
+        if want_autostart != ttree_platform_macos::autostart::is_enabled() {
+            let _ = ttree_platform_macos::autostart::set_enabled(want_autostart);
+        }
+
+        let saved_ai = self.settings.ai_translation_for_request();
+        let saved_chat = self.settings.chat_ai_for_request();
+        set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.ai_key_field, "");
+        set_field_string(
+            &self.settings_ui.ai_key_status_label,
+            if saved_ai.has_api_key { "已保存" } else { "未设置" },
+        );
+        set_field_string(&self.settings_ui.chat_key_field, "");
+        set_field_string(
+            &self.settings_ui.chat_key_status_label,
+            if saved_chat.has_api_key { "已保存" } else { "未设置" },
+        );
+        self.refresh_ai_header_badge();
+        self.set_status("✓ 全部配置已保存并立即生效");
+    }
+
+    pub fn send_chat_from_input(&mut self) {
+        let raw = get_text_view_string(&self.chat_ui.input_tv);
+        let trimmed = raw.trim().to_string();
+        if trimmed.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        set_text_view_string(&self.chat_ui.input_tv, "");
+        self.send_chat_text(trimmed);
+    }
+
+    pub fn send_chat_text(&mut self, text: String) {
+        let cancel_token = self.chat_cancel.next();
+        self.chat_gen = self.chat_gen.wrapping_add(1);
+        let gen = self.chat_gen;
+
+        self.current_messages.push(ChatMessage::user(text));
+        self.streaming_assistant_buffer.clear();
+        self.chat_streaming = true;
+        self.render_chat_transcript();
+        self.set_status("AI 正在思考并流式回复…");
+
+        let cfg = self.settings.chat_ai_for_request();
+        let context = recent_chat_context(&self.current_messages);
+        let tx = self.ui_tx.clone();
+
+        self.rt.spawn(async move {
+            let delta_tx = tx.clone();
+            let res = ttree_ai::stream_chat(&cfg, &context, &cancel_token, move |delta| {
+                let _ = delta_tx.send(UiEvent::ChatDelta {
+                    gen,
+                    delta: delta.to_string(),
+                });
+            })
+            .await;
+            if !cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
+                let _ = tx.send(UiEvent::ChatFinished {
+                    gen,
+                    error: res.err(),
+                });
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn refresh_conversations_popup(&mut self) {
+        self.conversations = self.history.read_conversations().unwrap_or_default();
+        self.chat_ui.conv_popup.removeAllItems();
+        if self.conversations.is_empty() {
+            self.chat_ui
+                .conv_popup
+                .addItemWithTitle(&NSString::from_str("当前新对话"));
+            return;
+        }
+        for (i, conv) in self.conversations.iter().enumerate() {
+            let title = if conv.summary.is_empty() {
+                format!("对话 #{}", i + 1)
+            } else {
+                format!("{}. {}", i + 1, conv.summary)
+            };
+            self.chat_ui
+                .conv_popup
+                .addItemWithTitle(&NSString::from_str(&title));
+        }
+        if let Some(active_id) = self.active_conversation_id {
+            if let Some(pos) = self.conversations.iter().position(|c| c.id == active_id) {
+                self.chat_ui.conv_popup.selectItemAtIndex(pos as isize);
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.chat_ui
+                .conv_popup
+                .addItemWithTitle(&NSString::from_str("● 当前新对话"));
+            let count = self.chat_ui.conv_popup.numberOfItems();
+            self.chat_ui.conv_popup.selectItemAtIndex(count - 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render_chat_transcript(&self) {
+        let mut out = String::new();
+        if self.current_messages.is_empty() && self.streaming_assistant_buffer.is_empty() {
+            out.push_str("欢迎使用 TTREE AI 对话（支持云端 OpenAI / 本机 Ollama / LM Studio / 直接加载 .gguf 模型）。\n在下方输入框按 Enter 发送，Shift+Enter 换行。");
+        } else {
+            for msg in &self.current_messages {
+                let prefix = if msg.role == "user" {
+                    "【你】"
+                } else {
+                    "【AI】"
+                };
+                out.push_str(prefix);
+                out.push('\n');
+                out.push_str(&msg.content);
+                out.push_str("\n\n");
+            }
+            if self.chat_streaming {
+                out.push_str("【AI】\n");
+                out.push_str(&self.streaming_assistant_buffer);
+                out.push_str(" ▍");
+            }
+        }
+        let s = NSString::from_str(&out);
+        self.chat_ui.transcript_tv.setString(&s);
+        let len = s.length();
+        self.chat_ui
+            .transcript_tv
+            .scrollRangeToVisible(NSRange::new(len, 0));
+    }
+
+    pub fn handle_ui_event(&mut self, event: UiEvent) {
+        match event {
+            UiEvent::WebTranslateResult { gen, result } => {
+                if gen != self.translate_gen {
+                    return;
+                }
+                match result {
+                    Ok(translated) => {
+                        set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.web_tv, &translated);
+                        self.set_status("✓ 网页翻译完成");
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        set_text_view_string(
+                            &self.translate_ui.web_tv,
+                            &format!("⚠️ 网页翻译失败: {err}"),
+                        );
+                        self.set_status("⚠️ 网页翻译失败");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            UiEvent::AiTranslateDelta { gen, delta } => {
+                if gen != self.translate_gen {
+                    return;
+                }
+                let current = get_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_tv);
+                if current == "正在请求 AI 流式译文…" {
+                    set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_tv, &delta);
+                } else {
+                    append_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_tv, &delta, true);
+                }
+            }
+            UiEvent::AiTranslateFinished { gen, error } => {
+                if gen != self.translate_gen {
+                    return;
+                }
+                if let Some(err) = error {
+                    set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.ai_tv, &format!("⚠️ {err}"));
+                } else {
+                    self.set_status("✓ 网页与 AI 翻译全部完成");
+                }
+            }
+            UiEvent::OcrCompleted { outcome } => match outcome {
+                Ok(OcrOutcome::Text(text)) => {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                    set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.input_tv, &text);
+                    self.last_observed_source = text;
+                    self.start_translation();
+                    self.set_status("✓ 截图 OCR 识别成功，正在翻译…");
+                }
+                Ok(OcrOutcome::Cancelled) => {
+                    self.set_status("已取消截图");
+                }
+                Ok(OcrOutcome::EmptyText) => {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                    set_text_view_string(
+                        &self.translate_ui.web_tv,
+                        "⚠️ 所选截图区域未识别到任何文字，请重新框选包含清晰文本的区域。",
+                    );
+                    self.set_status("⚠️ 截图未识别出文字");
+                }
+                Ok(OcrOutcome::PermissionDenied(msg)) => {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                    set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.web_tv, &format!("🔒 {msg}"));
+                    self.set_status("🔒 缺少 macOS 录屏权限");
+                }
+                Ok(OcrOutcome::Busy) => {
+                    self.set_status("正在进行截图框选…");
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                    set_text_view_string(
+                        &self.translate_ui.web_tv,
+                        &format!("❌ OCR 错误: {err}"),
+                    );
+                    self.set_status("❌ OCR 失败");
+                }
+            },
+            UiEvent::SelectionCapturedForTranslate {
+                text,
+                fallback_toggle,
+            } => match text {
+                Some(selected) => {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                    set_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.input_tv, &selected);
+                    self.last_observed_source = selected;
+                    self.start_translation();
+                }
+                None if fallback_toggle => {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Translate);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                }
+                None => {}
+            },
+            UiEvent::SelectionCapturedForChat {
+                text,
+                fallback_toggle,
+            } => match text {
+                Some(selected) => {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Chat);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                    let _ = self.history.start_new_conversation();
+                    self.active_conversation_id = None;
+                    self.current_messages.clear();
+                    self.send_chat_text(selected);
+                }
+                None if fallback_toggle => {
+                    self.switch_tab(TabMode::Chat);
+                    self.show_and_focus_window();
+                }
+                None => {}
+            },
+            UiEvent::ChatDelta { gen, delta } => {
+                if gen != self.chat_gen {
+                    return;
+                }
+                self.streaming_assistant_buffer.push_str(&delta);
+                self.render_chat_transcript();
+            }
+            UiEvent::ChatFinished { gen, error } => {
+                if gen != self.chat_gen {
+                    return;
+                }
+                self.chat_streaming = false;
+                if let Some(err) = error {
+                    self.current_messages
+                        .push(ChatMessage::assistant(format!("⚠️ {err}")));
+                    self.set_status("⚠️ AI 回复出错");
+                } else {
+                    let reply = std::mem::take(&mut self.streaming_assistant_buffer);
+                    if !reply.trim().is_empty() {
+                        let user_msg = self
+                            .current_messages
+                            .iter()
+                            .rev()
+                            .find(|m| m.role == "user")
+                            .cloned();
+                        let assistant_msg = ChatMessage::assistant(reply);
+                        self.current_messages.push(assistant_msg.clone());
+                        if let Some(u) = user_msg {
+                            let _ = self
+                                .history
+                                .append_round(self.active_conversation_id, &[u, assistant_msg]);
+                            self.refresh_conversations_popup();
+                            if self.active_conversation_id.is_none() {
+                                self.active_conversation_id =
+                                    self.conversations.last().map(|c| c.id);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    self.set_status("✓ AI 回复完成");
+                }
+                self.render_chat_transcript();
+            }
+            UiEvent::ModelsDiscovered { for_chat, result } => match result {
+                Ok(models) => {
+                    let popup = if for_chat {
+                        &self.settings_ui.chat_discovered_popup
+                    } else {
+                        &self.settings_ui.ai_discovered_popup
+                    };
+                    let field = if for_chat {
+                        &self.settings_ui.chat_model_field
+                    } else {
+                        &self.settings_ui.ai_model_field
+                    };
+                    popup.removeAllItems();
+                    for m in &models {
+                        popup.addItemWithTitle(&NSString::from_str(m));
+                    }
+                    if let Some(first) = models.first() {
+                        set_field_string(field, first);
+                    }
+                    self.set_status(&format!("✓ 成功探测到 {} 个本地模型", models.len()));
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    self.set_status(&format!("⚠️ {err}"));
+                }
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn poll_tick(&mut self) {
+        // 1. 监控输入框文本变化并执行 420ms 防抖自动翻译
+        if self.window.isVisible() && self.active_tab == TabMode::Translate {
+            let current_src = get_text_view_string(&self.translate_ui.input_tv);
+            if current_src != self.last_observed_source {
+                self.last_observed_source = current_src;
+                self.pending_debounce_since = Some(Instant::now());
+            }
+            if let Some(since) = self.pending_debounce_since {
+                if since.elapsed() >= AUTO_TRANSLATE_DEBOUNCE {
+                    self.pending_debounce_since = None;
+                    let trimmed = self.last_observed_source.trim().to_string();
+                    if trimmed != self.last_translated_source {
+                        self.start_translation();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // 2. 窗口尺寸变更防抖持久化
+        if let Some(since) = self.pending_resize_save {
+            if since.elapsed() >= RESIZE_SAVE_DEBOUNCE {
+                self.pending_resize_save = None;
+                let (w, h) = self.last_known_size;
+                self.settings.save_window_size(w, h);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn on_window_did_resign_key(&mut self) {
+        if !self.is_pinned && self.active_tab != TabMode::Settings && !self.is_modal_open {
+            self.hide_window();
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn on_window_did_resize(&mut self) {
+        let Some(content_view) = self.window.contentView() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let bounds = content_view.bounds();
+        let w = bounds.size.width.max(WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH);
+        let h = bounds.size.height.max(WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT);
+        if (w - self.last_known_size.0).abs() < 0.5 && (h - self.last_known_size.1).abs() < 0.5 {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.last_known_size = (w, h);
+        self.pending_resize_save = Some(Instant::now());
+
+        self.effect_view.setFrame(bounds);
+        self.tab_translate_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(h, 14.0, 10.0, 74.0, 28.0));
+        self.tab_chat_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(h, 92.0, 10.0, 86.0, 28.0));
+        self.tab_settings_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(h, 182.0, 10.0, 72.0, 28.0));
+        self.status_label
+            .setFrame(top_rect(h, 264.0, 14.0, (w - 445.0).max(120.0), 20.0));
+        self.ocr_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(h, w - 172.0, 10.0, 86.0, 28.0));
+        self.pin_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(h, w - 82.0, 10.0, 68.0, 28.0));
+
+        let body_h = (h - 46.0).max(320.0);
+        let body_frame = NSRect::new(NSPoint::new(0.0, 0.0), NSSize::new(w, body_h));
+
+        // Relayout Translate view
+        self.translate_ui.root.setFrame(body_frame);
+        self.translate_ui
+            .source_popup
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, 14.0, 6.0, 145.0, 26.0));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .swap_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, 163.0, 6.0, 38.0, 26.0));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .target_popup
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, 205.0, 6.0, 165.0, 26.0));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .translate_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, w - 166.0, 6.0, 92.0, 26.0));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .clear_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, w - 70.0, 6.0, 56.0, 26.0));
+
+        let input_h = 118.0;
+        self.translate_ui
+            .input_scroll
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, 14.0, 38.0, w - 28.0, input_h));
+        let cards_top = 38.0 + input_h + 10.0;
+        let cards_h = (body_h - cards_top - 14.0).max(160.0);
+        let col_w = ((w - 38.0) / 2.0).max(200.0);
+
+        self.translate_ui
+            .web_card
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, 14.0, cards_top, col_w, cards_h));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .web_header_label
+            .setFrame(top_rect(cards_h, 10.0, 8.0, col_w - 76.0, 18.0));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .web_copy_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(cards_h, col_w - 64.0, 5.0, 54.0, 24.0));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .web_scroll
+            .setFrame(top_rect(cards_h, 4.0, 32.0, col_w - 8.0, cards_h - 36.0));
+
+        self.translate_ui.ai_card.setFrame(top_rect(
+            body_h,
+            14.0 + col_w + 10.0,
+            cards_top,
+            col_w,
+            cards_h,
+        ));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .ai_header_label
+            .setFrame(top_rect(cards_h, 10.0, 8.0, col_w - 76.0, 18.0));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .ai_copy_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(cards_h, col_w - 64.0, 5.0, 54.0, 24.0));
+        self.translate_ui
+            .ai_scroll
+            .setFrame(top_rect(cards_h, 4.0, 32.0, col_w - 8.0, cards_h - 36.0));
+
+        // Relayout Chat view
+        self.chat_ui.root.setFrame(body_frame);
+        self.chat_ui
+            .conv_popup
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, 14.0, 6.0, 260.0, 26.0));
+        self.chat_ui
+            .new_conv_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, 280.0, 6.0, 82.0, 26.0));
+        self.chat_ui
+            .clear_hist_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, 366.0, 6.0, 82.0, 26.0));
+        self.chat_ui
+            .stop_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, w - 166.0, 6.0, 74.0, 26.0));
+        self.chat_ui
+            .copy_reply_btn
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, w - 88.0, 6.0, 74.0, 26.0));
+        let chat_input_h = 72.0;
+        let transcript_h = (body_h - 38.0 - chat_input_h - 22.0).max(180.0);
+        self.chat_ui
+            .transcript_scroll
+            .setFrame(top_rect(body_h, 14.0, 38.0, w - 28.0, transcript_h));
+        let chat_input_top = 38.0 + transcript_h + 8.0;
+        self.chat_ui.input_scroll.setFrame(top_rect(
+            body_h,
+            14.0,
+            chat_input_top,
+            w - 104.0,
+            chat_input_h,
+        ));
+        self.chat_ui.send_btn.setFrame(top_rect(
+            body_h,
+            w - 84.0,
+            chat_input_top + 18.0,
+            70.0,
+            36.0,
+        ));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn action_tag_round_trips_all_known_tags() {
+        let tags = [
+            ActionTag::TabTranslate,
+            ActionTag::TabChat,
+            ActionTag::TabSettings,
+            ActionTag::TriggerOcr,
+            ActionTag::TogglePin,
+            ActionTag::TrayQuit,
+            ActionTag::HideOrEscape,
+            ActionTag::TranslateNow,
+            ActionTag::ClearTranslate,
+            ActionTag::SwapLanguages,
+            ActionTag::SourceLangChanged,
+            ActionTag::TargetLangChanged,
+            ActionTag::CopyWebResult,
+            ActionTag::CopyAiResult,
+            ActionTag::SendChat,
+            ActionTag::NewConversation,
+            ActionTag::ClearChatHistory,
+            ActionTag::StopChatStream,
+            ActionTag::SelectConversation,
+            ActionTag::CopyLastReply,
+            ActionTag::SaveSettings,
+            ActionTag::AiTransBackendChanged,
+            ActionTag::AiTransFillDefaultUrl,
+            ActionTag::AiTransDiscoverModels,
+            ActionTag::AiTransModelPopupSelected,
+            ActionTag::AiTransBrowseGguf,
+            ActionTag::AiTransBrowseTokenizer,
+            ActionTag::AiTransClearKey,
+            ActionTag::ChatBackendChanged,
+            ActionTag::ChatFillDefaultUrl,
+            ActionTag::ChatDiscoverModels,
+            ActionTag::ChatModelPopupSelected,
+            ActionTag::ChatBrowseGguf,
+            ActionTag::ChatCopyFromTrans,
+            ActionTag::ChatClearKey,
+            ActionTag::ResetDefaultShortcuts,
+            ActionTag::OpacitySliderChanged,
+        ];
+        for tag in tags {
+            assert_eq!(ActionTag::from_raw(tag as isize), Some(tag));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(ActionTag::from_raw(9999), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn converts_top_origin_rect_to_appkit_bottom_origin() {
+        let r = top_rect(500.0, 14.0, 10.0, 80.0, 28.0);
+        assert_eq!(r.origin.x, 14.0);
+        assert_eq!(r.origin.y, 462.0);
+        assert_eq!(r.size.width, 80.0);
+        assert_eq!(r.size.height, 28.0);
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/crates/ttree-app/src/ui_helpers.rs b/crates/ttree-app/src/ui_helpers.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b69603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-app/src/ui_helpers.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+//! macOS 原生 AppKit (`objc2-app-kit`) 控件构建与读写辅助函数。
+
+#![cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+
+use objc2::rc::Retained;
+use objc2::runtime::{AnyObject, Sel};
+use objc2::{msg_send, MainThreadMarker};
+use objc2_app_kit::{
+    NSBezelStyle, NSBox, NSBoxType, NSButton, NSButtonType, NSColor, NSControlStateValueOff,
+    NSControlStateValueOn, NSFont, NSPasteboard, NSPasteboardTypeString, NSPopUpButton,
+    NSScrollView, NSSecureTextField, NSSlider, NSTextField, NSTextView, NSView,
+};
+use objc2_core_foundation::{CGFloat, CGPoint, CGRect, CGSize};
+use objc2_foundation::{NSPoint, NSRange, NSRect, NSSize, NSString};
+
+/// 将以顶部为原点的 `(x, top_y, width, height)` 转换为 AppKit 默认左下角原点的 `NSRect`。
+pub fn top_rect(parent_height: f64, x: f64, top_y: f64, width: f64, height: f64) -> NSRect {
+    let y = (parent_height - top_y - height).max(0.0);
+    NSRect::new(NSPoint::new(x, y), NSSize::new(width, height))
+}
+
+/// 创建静态文本标签 (`NSTextField` 设为只读无边框)。
+pub fn make_label(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    frame: NSRect,
+    text: &str,
+    font_size: f64,
+    bold: bool,
+    secondary: bool,
+) -> Retained<NSTextField> {
+    let label = NSTextField::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+    let ns_text = NSString::from_str(text);
+    label.setStringValue(&ns_text);
+    label.setBezeled(false);
+    label.setDrawsBackground(false);
+    label.setEditable(false);
+    label.setSelectable(false);
+    let font = if bold {
+        NSFont::boldSystemFontOfSize(font_size as CGFloat)
+    } else {
+        NSFont::systemFontOfSize(font_size as CGFloat)
+    };
+    label.setFont(Some(&font));
+    let color = if secondary {
+        NSColor::secondaryLabelColor()
+    } else {
+        NSColor::labelColor()
+    };
+    label.setTextColor(Some(&color));
+    label
+}
+
+/// 创建圆角操作按钮 (`NSButton`) 并绑定 `target` / `action` / `tag`。
+pub fn make_button(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    frame: NSRect,
+    title: &str,
+    tag: isize,
+    target: &AnyObject,
+    action: Sel,
+) -> Retained<NSButton> {
+    unsafe {
+        let btn = NSButton::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+        let ns_title = NSString::from_str(title);
+        btn.setTitle(&ns_title);
+        #[allow(deprecated)]
+        btn.setBezelStyle(NSBezelStyle::Rounded);
+        btn.setFont(Some(&NSFont::systemFontOfSize(12.5)));
+        btn.setTag(tag);
+        btn.setTarget(Some(target));
+        btn.setAction(Some(action));
+        btn
+    }
+}
+
+/// 创建复选框按钮 (`NSButtonType::Switch`)。
+pub fn make_checkbox(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    frame: NSRect,
+    title: &str,
+    checked: bool,
+    tag: isize,
+    target: &AnyObject,
+    action: Sel,
+) -> Retained<NSButton> {
+    unsafe {
+        let btn = NSButton::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+        btn.setButtonType(NSButtonType::Switch);
+        let ns_title = NSString::from_str(title);
+        btn.setTitle(&ns_title);
+        btn.setFont(Some(&NSFont::systemFontOfSize(12.5)));
+        btn.setState(if checked {
+            NSControlStateValueOn
+        } else {
+            NSControlStateValueOff
+        });
+        btn.setTag(tag);
+        btn.setTarget(Some(target));
+        btn.setAction(Some(action));
+        btn
+    }
+}
+
+/// 创建下拉选择框 (`NSPopUpButton`)。
+pub fn make_popup(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    frame: NSRect,
+    items: &[&str],
+    selected_idx: usize,
+    tag: isize,
+    target: &AnyObject,
+    action: Sel,
+) -> Retained<NSPopUpButton> {
+    unsafe {
+        let popup = NSPopUpButton::initWithFrame_pullsDown(mtm.alloc(), frame, false);
+        popup.setFont(Some(&NSFont::systemFontOfSize(12.5)));
+        for item in items {
+            let s = NSString::from_str(item);
+            popup.addItemWithTitle(&s);
+        }
+        if selected_idx < items.len() {
+            popup.selectItemAtIndex(selected_idx as isize);
+        }
+        popup.setTag(tag);
+        popup.setTarget(Some(target));
+        popup.setAction(Some(action));
+        popup
+    }
+}
+
+/// 创建单行可编辑输入框 (`NSTextField`)。
+pub fn make_text_field(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    frame: NSRect,
+    value: &str,
+    placeholder: &str,
+) -> Retained<NSTextField> {
+    let field = NSTextField::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+    let ns_val = NSString::from_str(value);
+    field.setStringValue(&ns_val);
+    let ns_ph = NSString::from_str(placeholder);
+    field.setPlaceholderString(Some(&ns_ph));
+    field.setEditable(true);
+    field.setSelectable(true);
+    field.setBezeled(true);
+    field.setDrawsBackground(true);
+    field.setFont(Some(&NSFont::systemFontOfSize(12.5)));
+    field
+}
+
+/// 创建单行密码/密钥输入框 (`NSSecureTextField`)。
+pub fn make_secure_field(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    frame: NSRect,
+    placeholder: &str,
+) -> Retained<NSSecureTextField> {
+    let field = NSSecureTextField::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+    let ns_ph = NSString::from_str(placeholder);
+    field.setPlaceholderString(Some(&ns_ph));
+    field.setEditable(true);
+    field.setSelectable(true);
+    field.setBezeled(true);
+    field.setDrawsBackground(true);
+    field.setFont(Some(&NSFont::systemFontOfSize(12.5)));
+    field
+}
+
+/// 创建滑块控件 (`NSSlider`)。
+pub fn make_slider(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    frame: NSRect,
+    min: f64,
+    max: f64,
+    value: f64,
+    tag: isize,
+    target: &AnyObject,
+    action: Sel,
+) -> Retained<NSSlider> {
+    unsafe {
+        let slider = NSSlider::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+        slider.setMinValue(min);
+        slider.setMaxValue(max);
+        slider.setDoubleValue(value);
+        slider.setContinuous(true);
+        slider.setTag(tag);
+        slider.setTarget(Some(target));
+        slider.setAction(Some(action));
+        slider
+    }
+}
+
+/// 创建圆角卡片容器 (`NSBox`)。
+pub fn make_card_box(mtm: MainThreadMarker, frame: NSRect) -> Retained<NSBox> {
+    let card = NSBox::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+    card.setBoxType(NSBoxType::Custom);
+    card.setCornerRadius(10.0);
+    card.setBorderWidth(1.0);
+    card.setBorderColor(&NSColor::separatorColor());
+    card.setFillColor(&NSColor::controlBackgroundColor().colorWithAlphaComponent(0.55));
+    let zero_margins = CGSize::new(0.0, 0.0);
+    card.setContentViewMargins(zero_margins);
+    card
+}
+
+/// 创建带垂直滚动条的多行 `NSTextView`。
+pub fn make_scrollable_text_view(
+    mtm: MainThreadMarker,
+    frame: NSRect,
+    editable: bool,
+    font_size: f64,
+    delegate: Option<&AnyObject>,
+) -> (Retained<NSScrollView>, Retained<NSTextView>) {
+    unsafe {
+        let scroll = NSScrollView::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), frame);
+        scroll.setHasVerticalScroller(true);
+        scroll.setHasHorizontalScroller(false);
+        scroll.setDrawsBackground(editable);
+        if editable {
+            scroll.setBackgroundColor(&NSColor::textBackgroundColor().colorWithAlphaComponent(0.65));
+        }
+
+        let content_size = scroll.contentSize();
+        let text_frame = CGRect::new(CGPoint::new(0.0, 0.0), content_size);
+        let text_view = NSTextView::initWithFrame(mtm.alloc(), text_frame);
+        text_view.setEditable(editable);
+        text_view.setSelectable(true);
+        text_view.setRichText(false);
+        text_view.setDrawsBackground(false);
+        text_view.setFont(Some(&NSFont::systemFontOfSize(font_size as CGFloat)));
+        text_view.setTextColor(Some(&NSColor::labelColor()));
+        text_view.setVerticallyResizable(true);
+        text_view.setHorizontallyResizable(false);
+        let inset = NSSize::new(8.0, 8.0);
+        text_view.setTextContainerInset(inset);
+        if let Some(container) = text_view.textContainer() {
+            container.setWidthTracksTextView(true);
+            container.setContainerSize(NSSize::new(content_size.width, 10_000_000.0));
+        }
+        if editable {
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*text_view, setAutomaticQuoteSubstitutionEnabled: false];
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*text_view, setAutomaticDashSubstitutionEnabled: false];
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*text_view, setAutomaticSpellingCorrectionEnabled: false];
+        }
+        if let Some(del) = delegate {
+            let _: () = msg_send![&*text_view, setDelegate: Some(del)];
+        }
+
+        scroll.setDocumentView(Some(&text_view));
+        (scroll, text_view)
+    }
+}
+
+/// 读取 `NSTextView` 内的全部纯文本。
+pub fn get_text_view_string(tv: &NSTextView) -> String {
+    tv.string().to_string()
+}
+
+/// 设置 `NSTextView` 的纯文本内容。
+pub fn set_text_view_string(tv: &NSTextView, text: &str) {
+    let s = NSString::from_str(text);
+    tv.setString(&s);
+}
+
+/// 向 `NSTextView` 末尾追加流式增量文本并自动滚动到底部。
+pub fn append_text_view_string(tv: &NSTextView, delta: &str, scroll_to_end: bool) {
+    let mut current = tv.string().to_string();
+    current.push_str(delta);
+    let s = NSString::from_str(&current);
+    tv.setString(&s);
+    if scroll_to_end {
+        let len = s.length();
+        tv.scrollRangeToVisible(NSRange::new(len, 0));
+    }
+}
+
+/// 读取 `NSTextField` 或 `NSSecureTextField` 文本。
+pub fn get_field_string(field: &NSTextField) -> String {
+    field.stringValue().to_string()
+}
+
+/// 设置 `NSTextField` 文本。
+pub fn set_field_string(field: &NSTextField, value: &str) {
+    let s = NSString::from_str(value);
+    field.setStringValue(&s);
+}
+
+/// 将字符串写入 macOS 系统剪贴板。
+pub fn copy_to_pasteboard(text: &str) -> bool {
+    if text.trim().is_empty() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let pb = NSPasteboard::generalPasteboard();
+    pb.clearContents();
+    let ns_str = NSString::from_str(text);
+    let pb_type = unsafe { NSPasteboardTypeString };
+    pb.setString_forType(&ns_str, pb_type)
+}
+
+/// 将子视图添加到父视图。
+pub fn add_subview(parent: &NSView, child: &NSView) {
+    parent.addSubview(child);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-core/Cargo.toml b/crates/ttree-core/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2ed758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[package]
+name = "ttree-core"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+url.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/ttree-core/src/cancel.rs b/crates/ttree-core/src/cancel.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6088f5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-core/src/cancel.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//! 轻量任务取消令牌（`CancelToken`）与单槽抢占器（`CancelSlot`）。
+//!
+//! 解决痛点：当用户快速修改输入或连续触发划词/OCR 时，立即取消正在进行的旧请求
+//! （尤其是耗时较长的 AI 流式生成），绝不让上一条慢请求排队阻塞新翻译。
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use tokio::sync::Notify;
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Inner {
+    cancelled: AtomicBool,
+    notify: Notify,
+}
+
+/// 可克隆的异步取消令牌。
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+pub struct CancelToken {
+    request_id: u64,
+    inner: Arc<Inner>,
+}
+
+impl CancelToken {
+    pub fn new(request_id: u64) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            request_id,
+            inner: Arc::new(Inner::default()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 当前令牌对应的单调递增请求 ID。
+    pub fn request_id(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.request_id
+    }
+
+    /// 触发取消并唤醒所有正在等待的异步任务。
+    pub fn cancel(&self) {
+        if !self.inner.cancelled.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
+            self.inner.notify.notify_waiters();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 是否已被取消。
+    pub fn is_cancelled(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
+    }
+
+    /// 异步等待直至令牌被取消（配合 `tokio::select!` 中断网络流）。
+    pub async fn cancelled(&self) {
+        if self.is_cancelled() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let notified = self.inner.notify.notified();
+        if self.is_cancelled() {
+            return;
+        }
+        notified.await;
+    }
+}
+
+/// 单槽抢占管理器：每次签发新 `CancelToken` 时自动取消上一个未完成的令牌。
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct CancelSlot {
+    state: Mutex<(u64, Option<CancelToken>)>,
+}
+
+impl CancelSlot {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            state: Mutex::new((0, None)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 取消旧令牌并签发新一代 `CancelToken`。
+    pub fn next(&self) -> CancelToken {
+        let mut guard = self.state.lock().expect("CancelSlot lock poisoned");
+        if let Some(prev) = guard.1.take() {
+            prev.cancel();
+        }
+        guard.0 = guard.0.wrapping_add(1);
+        let token = CancelToken::new(guard.0);
+        guard.1 = Some(token.clone());
+        token
+    }
+
+    /// 显式取消当前槽位中的活跃任务。
+    pub fn cancel_current(&self) {
+        let mut guard = self.state.lock().expect("CancelSlot lock poisoned");
+        if let Some(prev) = guard.1.take() {
+            prev.cancel();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 当前最新请求 ID。
+    pub fn current_id(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.state.lock().map(|g| g.0).unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn issuing_next_token_cancels_previous_token() {
+        let slot = CancelSlot::new();
+        let first = slot.next();
+        assert_eq!(first.request_id(), 1);
+        assert!(!first.is_cancelled());
+
+        let second = slot.next();
+        assert_eq!(second.request_id(), 2);
+        assert!(first.is_cancelled());
+        assert!(!second.is_cancelled());
+
+        // cancelled() future on first resolves immediately
+        first.cancelled().await;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-core/src/chat.rs b/crates/ttree-core/src/chat.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ae0b87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-core/src/chat.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//! 对话消息与会话上下文裁剪。
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+const ALLOWED_ROLES: &[&str] = &["user", "assistant", "system"];
+pub const MAX_CONTENT_BYTES: usize = 64 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_MESSAGES: usize = 200;
+pub const MAX_CONTEXT_MESSAGES: usize = 24;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ChatMessage {
+    pub role: String,
+    pub content: String,
+}
+
+impl ChatMessage {
+    pub fn user(content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            role: "user".to_string(),
+            content: content.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn assistant(content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            role: "assistant".to_string(),
+            content: content.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn system(content: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            role: "system".to_string(),
+            content: content.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Conversation {
+    pub id: usize,
+    pub messages: Vec<ChatMessage>,
+    pub summary: String,
+}
+
+/// 校验消息角色白名单、单条长度与总条数。
+pub fn validate_messages(msgs: &[ChatMessage]) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if msgs.len() > MAX_MESSAGES {
+        return Err(format!("消息数超出上限 {MAX_MESSAGES} 条"));
+    }
+    for m in msgs {
+        if !ALLOWED_ROLES.contains(&m.role.as_str()) {
+            return Err(format!("非法消息角色: {}", m.role));
+        }
+        if m.content.len() > MAX_CONTENT_BYTES {
+            return Err(format!("单条消息超出 {MAX_CONTENT_BYTES} 字节上限"));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 截取最近 24 条非空消息，并丢弃前导孤立的 `assistant` 消息，确保上下文以 `user` 开头。
+pub fn recent_chat_context(messages: &[ChatMessage]) -> Vec<ChatMessage> {
+    let filtered: Vec<ChatMessage> = messages
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|m| !m.content.trim().is_empty())
+        .cloned()
+        .collect();
+    let start = filtered.len().saturating_sub(MAX_CONTEXT_MESSAGES);
+    let mut slice = &filtered[start..];
+    while let Some(first) = slice.first() {
+        if first.role == "assistant" {
+            slice = &slice[1..];
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    slice.to_vec()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn trims_context_and_drops_leading_orphan_assistant() {
+        let mut msgs = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..30 {
+            let role = if i % 2 == 0 { "user" } else { "assistant" };
+            msgs.push(ChatMessage {
+                role: role.to_string(),
+                content: format!("msg-{i}"),
+            });
+        }
+        let ctx = recent_chat_context(&msgs);
+        assert!(ctx.len() <= MAX_CONTEXT_MESSAGES);
+        assert_eq!(ctx.first().unwrap().role, "user");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validates_roles_and_lengths() {
+        assert!(validate_messages(&[ChatMessage::user("hi")]).is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_messages(&[ChatMessage {
+            role: "tool".to_string(),
+            content: "x".to_string()
+        }])
+        .is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-core/src/config.rs b/crates/ttree-core/src/config.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73877df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-core/src/config.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+//! 核心配置数据结构与校验规则。
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+pub const MAX_BASE_URL_BYTES: usize = 2 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_MODEL_BYTES: usize = 256;
+pub const MAX_PATH_BYTES: usize = 4 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_PROMPT_BYTES: usize = 64 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_API_KEY_BYTES: usize = 16 * 1024;
+
+pub const PANEL_OPACITY_MIN: f64 = 0.35;
+pub const PANEL_OPACITY_MAX: f64 = 1.0;
+
+pub const WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH: f64 = 520.0;
+pub const WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT: f64 = 340.0;
+
+/// AI 引擎后端类型：支持云端 OpenAI 兼容、本机 Ollama/LM Studio/MLX 服务、以及直接加载 GGUF。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum AiBackendKind {
+    /// 云端 OpenAI 兼容接口（OpenAI / DeepSeek / OpenRouter 等，需 Keychain API Key）
+    #[default]
+    OpenAiCompatible,
+    /// 本机 Ollama 服务（默认 `http://127.0.0.1:11434`，免 API Key，支持 `/api/tags` 枚举模型）
+    Ollama,
+    /// 本机 LM Studio / MLX Server / llama.cpp 服务（默认 `http://127.0.0.1:1234/v1`，免或可选 Key）
+    LocalServer,
+    /// 纯 Rust Candle 框架直接加载本地 `.gguf` 量化模型文件（Metal GPU 加速）
+    CandleGguf,
+}
+
+impl AiBackendKind {
+    pub const ALL: [AiBackendKind; 4] = [
+        AiBackendKind::OpenAiCompatible,
+        AiBackendKind::Ollama,
+        AiBackendKind::LocalServer,
+        AiBackendKind::CandleGguf,
+    ];
+
+    pub fn label(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::OpenAiCompatible => "云端 API (OpenAI 兼容)",
+            Self::Ollama => "本地服务: Ollama",
+            Self::LocalServer => "本地服务: LM Studio / MLX",
+            Self::CandleGguf => "本地文件: 直接加载 .gguf (Candle Metal)",
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn default_base_url(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::OpenAiCompatible => "https://api.openai.com/v1",
+            Self::Ollama => "http://127.0.0.1:11434",
+            Self::LocalServer => "http://127.0.0.1:1234/v1",
+            Self::CandleGguf => "",
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn requires_api_key(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.into(), Self::OpenAiCompatible)
+    }
+}
+
+fn serialize_empty_api_key<S>(_value: &String, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: serde::Serializer,
+{
+    serializer.serialize_str("")
+}
+
+fn default_true() -> bool {
+    true
+}
+
+/// AI 翻译独立配置（支持开关、切换云端/Ollama/LM Studio/MLX/GGUF）。
+#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AiTranslationConfig {
+    /// 是否在翻译面板右侧启用 AI 翻译对照列。
+    #[serde(default = "default_true")]
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub backend: AiBackendKind,
+    pub base_url: String,
+    #[serde(default, serialize_with = "serialize_empty_api_key")]
+    pub api_key: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub has_api_key: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub clear_api_key: bool,
+    pub model: String,
+    /// 当 `backend == CandleGguf` 时使用的 `.gguf` 权重文件路径。
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub gguf_model_path: String,
+    /// 当 `backend == CandleGguf` 时使用的 `tokenizer.json` 路径（留空则自动在同目录查找）。
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub gguf_tokenizer_path: String,
+    pub translate_prompt: String,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for AiTranslationConfig {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("AiTranslationConfig")
+            .field("enabled", &self.enabled)
+            .field("backend", &self.backend)
+            .field("base_url", &self.base_url)
+            .field("api_key", &"<redacted>")
+            .field("model", &self.model)
+            .field("gguf_model_path", &self.gguf_model_path)
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for AiTranslationConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: true,
+            backend: AiBackendKind::OpenAiCompatible,
+            base_url: "https://api.openai.com/v1".to_string(),
+            api_key: String::new(),
+            has_api_key: false,
+            clear_api_key: false,
+            model: "gpt-4o-mini".to_string(),
+            gguf_model_path: String::new(),
+            gguf_tokenizer_path: String::new(),
+            translate_prompt: "你是一个专业、地道的翻译引擎。将用户输入从 {source} 翻译成 {target}。只输出译文，不要解释、不要引号、不要附加任何说明。".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// AI 对话配置（与翻译独立）。
+#[derive(Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ChatAiConfig {
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub backend: AiBackendKind,
+    pub base_url: String,
+    #[serde(default, serialize_with = "serialize_empty_api_key")]
+    pub api_key: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub has_api_key: bool,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub clear_api_key: bool,
+    pub model: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub gguf_model_path: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub gguf_tokenizer_path: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub chat_prompt: String,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for ChatAiConfig {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("ChatAiConfig")
+            .field("backend", &self.backend)
+            .field("base_url", &self.base_url)
+            .field("api_key", &"<redacted>")
+            .field("model", &self.model)
+            .field("gguf_model_path", &self.gguf_model_path)
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for ChatAiConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            backend: AiBackendKind::OpenAiCompatible,
+            base_url: "https://api.openai.com/v1".to_string(),
+            api_key: String::new(),
+            has_api_key: false,
+            clear_api_key: false,
+            model: "gpt-4o-mini".to_string(),
+            gguf_model_path: String::new(),
+            gguf_tokenizer_path: String::new(),
+            chat_prompt: String::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 全局快捷键配置。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ShortcutConfig {
+    pub toggle: String,
+    pub ocr: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub ai_dialog: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub selection_translate: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub selection_ai_dialog: String,
+}
+
+impl Default for ShortcutConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            toggle: "CmdOrCtrl+Shift+Space".to_string(),
+            ocr: "CmdOrCtrl+Shift+S".to_string(),
+            ai_dialog: String::new(),
+            selection_translate: String::new(),
+            selection_ai_dialog: String::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 外观配置。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct AppearanceConfig {
+    #[serde(default = "default_panel_opacity")]
+    pub panel_opacity: f64,
+}
+
+fn default_panel_opacity() -> f64 {
+    0.96
+}
+
+impl Default for AppearanceConfig {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            panel_opacity: default_panel_opacity(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AppearanceConfig {
+    pub fn clamp_opacity(value: f64) -> f64 {
+        if value.is_nan() {
+            return default_panel_opacity();
+        }
+        value.clamp(PANEL_OPACITY_MIN, PANEL_OPACITY_MAX)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn validate_field_len(label: &str, value: &str, max_bytes: usize) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if value.len() > max_bytes {
+        return Err(format!("{label}超出 {max_bytes} 字节上限"));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 校验并规范化接口地址：
+/// - 远程地址要求 HTTPS
+/// - 本机回环地址（`localhost` / `127.0.0.1` / `::1`）或局域网本地模型服务允许 HTTP
+/// - 拒绝包含用户名/密码（userinfo）或非 HTTP(S) 协议
+pub fn normalize_base_url(raw: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let trimmed = raw.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return Err("base_url 不能为空".to_string());
+    }
+    validate_field_len("base_url", trimmed, MAX_BASE_URL_BYTES)?;
+    let url = url::Url::parse(trimmed).map_err(|e| format!("base_url 非法: {e}"))?;
+    if !url.username().is_empty() || url.password().is_some() {
+        return Err("base_url 不允许包含内嵌用户名或密码".to_string());
+    }
+    match url.scheme() {
+        "https" => {}
+        "http" if is_loopback_url(&url) => {}
+        "http" => return Err("远程 base_url 必须使用 HTTPS；HTTP 仅允许本机回环地址".to_string()),
+        other => return Err(format!("base_url 必须为 HTTP(S)，不支持 {other}")),
+    }
+    if url.host().is_none() {
+        return Err("base_url 必须包含主机名或 IP 地址".to_string());
+    }
+    let out = trimmed.trim_end_matches('/');
+    Ok(if out.is_empty() {
+        trimmed.to_string()
+    } else {
+        out.to_string()
+    })
+}
+
+fn is_loopback_url(url: &url::Url) -> bool {
+    match url.host() {
+        Some(url::Host::Domain(host)) => {
+            host.trim_end_matches('.').eq_ignore_ascii_case("localhost")
+        }
+        Some(url::Host::Ipv4(host)) => host.is_loopback(),
+        Some(url::Host::Ipv6(host)) => host.is_loopback(),
+        None => false,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allows_https_and_loopback_http_urls() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_base_url("https://api.openai.com/v1/").unwrap(),
+            "https://api.openai.com/v1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_base_url("http://127.0.0.1:11434/").unwrap(),
+            "http://127.0.0.1:11434"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_base_url("http://localhost:1234/v1").unwrap(),
+            "http://localhost:1234/v1"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_remote_http_and_file_urls() {
+        assert!(normalize_base_url("http://example.com/v1").is_err());
+        assert!(normalize_base_url("file:///etc/passwd").is_err());
+        assert!(normalize_base_url("https://user:pass@example.com/v1").is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-core/src/language.rs b/crates/ttree-core/src/language.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93975ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-core/src/language.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+//! 语言列表与自适应目标方向判定（中 ⇄ 英）。
+
+pub const ADAPTIVE_TARGET: &str = "adaptive";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct LanguageOption {
+    pub code: &'static str,
+    pub label: &'static str,
+}
+
+pub const SOURCE_LANGUAGES: &[LanguageOption] = &[
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "auto",
+        label: "自动检测",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "zh-CN",
+        label: "简体中文",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "zh-TW",
+        label: "繁体中文",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "en",
+        label: "英语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "ja",
+        label: "日语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "ko",
+        label: "韩语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "fr",
+        label: "法语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "de",
+        label: "德语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "es",
+        label: "西班牙语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "ru",
+        label: "俄语",
+    },
+];
+
+pub const TARGET_LANGUAGES: &[LanguageOption] = &[
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: ADAPTIVE_TARGET,
+        label: "中 ⇄ 英（自适应）",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "zh-CN",
+        label: "简体中文",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "zh-TW",
+        label: "繁体中文",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "en",
+        label: "英语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "ja",
+        label: "日语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "ko",
+        label: "韩语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "fr",
+        label: "法语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "de",
+        label: "德语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "es",
+        label: "西班牙语",
+    },
+    LanguageOption {
+        code: "ru",
+        label: "俄语",
+    },
+];
+
+const SUPPORTED_SOURCE_CODES: &[&str] = &[
+    "auto", "zh-CN", "zh-TW", "en", "ja", "ko", "fr", "de", "es", "ru",
+];
+const SUPPORTED_TARGET_CODES: &[&str] =
+    &["zh-CN", "zh-TW", "en", "ja", "ko", "fr", "de", "es", "ru"];
+
+/// 判断字符是否属于 CJK 统一表意文字（含扩展区）。
+fn is_han_char(ch: char) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        ch as u32,
+        0x3400..=0x4DBF
+            | 0x4E00..=0x9FFF
+            | 0xF900..=0xFAFF
+            | 0x20000..=0x2A6DF
+            | 0x2A700..=0x2B73F
+            | 0x2B740..=0x2B81F
+            | 0x2B820..=0x2CEAF
+            | 0x2CEB0..=0x2EBEF
+            | 0x30000..=0x3134F
+    )
+}
+
+/// 根据输入文本自动选择目标语言：包含汉字则译为英语 (`en`)，否则译为简体中文 (`zh-CN`)。
+pub fn resolve_adaptive_target(text: &str) -> &'static str {
+    if text.chars().any(is_han_char) {
+        "en"
+    } else {
+        "zh-CN"
+    }
+}
+
+/// 将用户选择的 `(source, target)`（可能含 `adaptive`）解析为实际请求的语言对。
+pub fn resolve_language_pair(source: &str, target: &str, text: &str) -> (String, String) {
+    if target == ADAPTIVE_TARGET {
+        ("auto".to_string(), resolve_adaptive_target(text).to_string())
+    } else {
+        (source.to_string(), target.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+/// 校验实际发送给引擎的语言对是否合法。
+pub fn validate_language_pair(source: &str, target: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if !SUPPORTED_SOURCE_CODES.contains(&source) {
+        return Err(format!("不支持的源语言代码: {source}"));
+    }
+    if !SUPPORTED_TARGET_CODES.contains(&target) {
+        return Err(format!("不支持的目标语言代码: {target}"));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 根据目标语言代码返回中文可读名称（供 AI 提示词渲染使用）。
+pub fn language_display_name(code: &str) -> &str {
+    match code {
+        "auto" => "自动检测的源语言",
+        "zh-CN" => "简体中文",
+        "zh-TW" => "繁体中文",
+        "en" => "英语 (English)",
+        "ja" => "日语 (Japanese)",
+        "ko" => "韩语 (Korean)",
+        "fr" => "法语 (French)",
+        "de" => "德语 (German)",
+        "es" => "西班牙语 (Spanish)",
+        "ru" => "俄语 (Russian)",
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn adaptive_target_detects_chinese_and_non_chinese() {
+        assert_eq!(resolve_adaptive_target("你好，世界"), "en");
+        assert_eq!(resolve_adaptive_target("Hello, world!"), "zh-CN");
+        assert_eq!(resolve_adaptive_target("Rust 性能优化"), "en");
+        assert_eq!(resolve_adaptive_target("12345 !@#"), "zh-CN");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolves_adaptive_pair_to_concrete_codes() {
+        let (src, tgt) = resolve_language_pair("en", ADAPTIVE_TARGET, "今天天气不错");
+        assert_eq!(src, "auto");
+        assert_eq!(tgt, "en");
+
+        let (src, tgt) = resolve_language_pair("zh-CN", "ja", "今天天气不错");
+        assert_eq!(src, "zh-CN");
+        assert_eq!(tgt, "ja");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn validates_known_language_codes() {
+        assert!(validate_language_pair("auto", "zh-CN").is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_language_pair("en", "zh-TW").is_ok());
+        assert!(validate_language_pair("en", "auto").is_err());
+        assert!(validate_language_pair("unknown", "en").is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-core/src/lib.rs b/crates/ttree-core/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb8483c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-core/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//! `ttree-core` —— 核心领域模型、语言自适应解析、取消令牌、配置模型与对话上下文处理。
+
+pub mod cancel;
+pub mod chat;
+pub mod config;
+pub mod language;
+
+pub use cancel::{CancelSlot, CancelToken};
+pub use chat::{recent_chat_context, validate_messages, ChatMessage, Conversation};
+pub use config::{
+    normalize_base_url, AiBackendKind, AiTranslationConfig, AppearanceConfig, ChatAiConfig,
+    ShortcutConfig, PANEL_OPACITY_MAX, PANEL_OPACITY_MIN, WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT, WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH,
+};
+pub use language::{
+    resolve_adaptive_target, resolve_language_pair, validate_language_pair, LanguageOption,
+    ADAPTIVE_TARGET, SOURCE_LANGUAGES, TARGET_LANGUAGES,
+};
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ocr/Cargo.toml b/crates/ttree-ocr/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1ab8b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ocr/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[package]
+name = "ttree-ocr"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+serde.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
+objc2.workspace = true
+objc2-core-foundation.workspace = true
+objc2-core-graphics.workspace = true
+objc2-core-image.workspace = true
+objc2-core-ml.workspace = true
+objc2-foundation.workspace = true
+objc2-image-io.workspace = true
+objc2-vision.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ocr/src/image.rs b/crates/ttree-ocr/src/image.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f89d3d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ocr/src/image.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+//! 图像预处理：解码 PNG 并以截图边缘自适应背景色填充边距，生成 8-bit sRGB `CGImage`。
+//!
+//! 关键改进：
+//! 旧版在 <128px 的小截图四周填充纯白 `(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)`，导致深色模式（白字黑底）单行截图
+//! 产生刺眼的白框伪影，干扰 Vision 行检测。新版自动采样原图四周边缘像素的平均色进行无缝填充。
+
+#![cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+
+use objc2_core_foundation::{CFData, CFRetained, CGPoint, CGRect, CGSize};
+use objc2_core_graphics::{
+    kCGColorSpaceSRGB, CGBitmapContextCreate, CGBitmapContextCreateImage, CGColorSpace, CGContext,
+    CGImage, CGImageAlphaInfo, CGImageByteOrderInfo,
+};
+use objc2_image_io::CGImageSource;
+
+const MIN_DIMENSION: usize = 128;
+const BORDER: usize = 16;
+const MAX_PIXELS: usize = 32_000_000;
+
+pub fn prepare_png(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<CFRetained<CGImage>, String> {
+    if !bytes.starts_with(b"\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n") || bytes.len() < 24 {
+        return Err("截图不是有效的 PNG 图片，请重新框选。".to_string());
+    }
+    if &bytes[12..16] != b"IHDR" {
+        return Err("截图 PNG 缺少图片尺寸信息，请重新框选。".to_string());
+    }
+    let width = u32::from_be_bytes(bytes[16..20].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+    let height = u32::from_be_bytes(bytes[20..24].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+    canvas_size(width, height)?;
+
+    let data = CFData::from_bytes(bytes);
+    let source = unsafe { CGImageSource::with_data(&data, None) }
+        .ok_or_else(|| "系统无法读取截图 PNG，请重新框选。".to_string())?;
+    let image = unsafe { source.image_at_index(0, None) }
+        .ok_or_else(|| "截图 PNG 解码失败，请重新框选。".to_string())?;
+    let width = CGImage::width(Some(&image));
+    let height = CGImage::height(Some(&image));
+    let (canvas_width, canvas_height) = canvas_size(width, height)?;
+
+    let color_space = CGColorSpace::with_name(Some(unsafe { kCGColorSpaceSRGB }))
+        .ok_or_else(|| "创建 OCR 色彩空间失败".to_string())?;
+    let bitmap_info = CGImageAlphaInfo::NoneSkipLast.0 | CGImageByteOrderInfo::Order32Big.0;
+
+    // 先将原图解码到一块小缓冲区以采样四周边缘背景色，确保深色/浅色截图都能平滑延展背景
+    let (bg_r, bg_g, bg_b) = sample_border_rgb(&image, width, height, &color_space, bitmap_info);
+
+    let context = unsafe {
+        CGBitmapContextCreate(
+            std::ptr::null_mut(),
+            canvas_width,
+            canvas_height,
+            8,
+            canvas_width * 4,
+            Some(&color_space),
+            bitmap_info,
+        )
+    }
+    .ok_or_else(|| "创建 OCR 位图失败".to_string())?;
+
+    CGContext::set_rgb_fill_color(Some(&context), bg_r, bg_g, bg_b, 1.0);
+    CGContext::fill_rect(Some(&context), rect(0, 0, canvas_width, canvas_height));
+    CGContext::draw_image(
+        Some(&context),
+        rect(
+            (canvas_width - width) / 2,
+            (canvas_height - height) / 2,
+            width,
+            height,
+        ),
+        Some(&image),
+    );
+    CGBitmapContextCreateImage(Some(&context)).ok_or_else(|| "生成 OCR 位图失败".to_string())
+}
+
+/// 采样原图外圈像素的平均 RGB 值（0.0..=1.0），失败时回退白色。
+fn sample_border_rgb(
+    image: &CGImage,
+    width: usize,
+    height: usize,
+    color_space: &CGColorSpace,
+    bitmap_info: u32,
+) -> (f64, f64, f64) {
+    let mut buf = vec![255u8; width * height * 4];
+    let Some(ctx) = (unsafe {
+        CGBitmapContextCreate(
+            buf.as_mut_ptr().cast(),
+            width,
+            height,
+            8,
+            width * 4,
+            Some(color_space),
+            bitmap_info,
+        )
+    }) else {
+        return (1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    };
+    CGContext::set_rgb_fill_color(Some(&ctx), 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    CGContext::fill_rect(Some(&ctx), rect(0, 0, width, height));
+    CGContext::draw_image(Some(&ctx), rect(0, 0, width, height), Some(image));
+
+    let mut r_sum: u64 = 0;
+    let mut g_sum: u64 = 0;
+    let mut b_sum: u64 = 0;
+    let mut count: u64 = 0;
+
+    let mut add_pixel = |x: usize, y: usize| {
+        let idx = (y * width + x) * 4;
+        r_sum += buf[idx] as u64;
+        g_sum += buf[idx + 1] as u64;
+        b_sum += buf[idx + 2] as u64;
+        count += 1;
+    };
+
+    for x in 0..width {
+        add_pixel(x, 0);
+        if height > 1 {
+            add_pixel(x, height - 1);
+        }
+    }
+    if height > 2 {
+        for y in 1..(height - 1) {
+            add_pixel(0, y);
+            if width > 1 {
+                add_pixel(width - 1, y);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if count == 0 {
+        return (1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
+    }
+    (
+        (r_sum as f64 / count as f64) / 255.0,
+        (g_sum as f64 / count as f64) / 255.0,
+        (b_sum as f64 / count as f64) / 255.0,
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn canvas_size(width: usize, height: usize) -> Result<(usize, usize), String> {
+    if width == 0 || height == 0 {
+        return Err("截图尺寸为空，请重新框选。".to_string());
+    }
+    let padded = width
+        .checked_add(BORDER * 2)
+        .zip(height.checked_add(BORDER * 2))
+        .map(|(w, h)| (w.max(MIN_DIMENSION), h.max(MIN_DIMENSION)))
+        .filter(|(w, h)| w.checked_mul(*h).is_some_and(|pixels| pixels <= MAX_PIXELS));
+    padded.ok_or_else(|| "截图区域过大，请缩小框选范围后重试。".to_string())
+}
+
+fn rect(x: usize, y: usize, width: usize, height: usize) -> CGRect {
+    CGRect {
+        origin: CGPoint {
+            x: x as _,
+            y: y as _,
+        },
+        size: CGSize {
+            width: width as _,
+            height: height as _,
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn pads_small_captures_to_minimum_dimension() {
+        assert_eq!(canvas_size(320, 24).unwrap(), (352, 128));
+        assert_eq!(canvas_size(8, 8).unwrap(), (128, 128));
+        assert!(canvas_size(0, 10).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ocr/src/lib.rs b/crates/ttree-ocr/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3701a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ocr/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+//! `ttree-ocr` —— macOS 原生截图与 Apple Vision OCR 引擎。
+//!
+//! 针对旧版“莫名其妙无法使用”的 4 项核心根治：
+//! 1. 强类型 `OcrOutcome` 区分「成功」「用户取消」「未识别出文字」「录屏权限未开启」「正在截图中」，杜绝静默吞掉错误；
+//! 2. 调用 `CGPreflightScreenCaptureAccess` 预检 macOS 录屏权限，区分无权限导致的空截图与按 Esc 取消；
+//! 3. `image.rs` 自动采样截图边缘背景色填充 Padding（替代旧版硬编码纯白底，彻底修复深色模式单行小图识别失败）；
+//! 4. `vision.rs` 移除主路径上的 `PreferBackgroundProcessing(true)` 后台降级标志，确保菜单栏配件应用极速响应。
+
+pub mod screenshot;
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub mod image;
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub mod vision;
+
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+static OCR_BUSY: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
+struct BusyGuard;
+
+impl BusyGuard {
+    fn try_acquire() -> Option<Self> {
+        OCR_BUSY
+            .compare_exchange(false, true, Ordering::SeqCst, Ordering::SeqCst)
+            .ok()
+            .map(|_| Self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for BusyGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        OCR_BUSY.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
+    }
+}
+
+/// 截图 OCR 强类型结果，彻底避免把权限失败或未识别出文字误判为用户取消。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub enum OcrOutcome {
+    /// 成功识别出文字。
+    Text(String),
+    /// 用户按 Esc 主动取消了区域框选。
+    Cancelled,
+    /// 截图成功但所选图片区域内未检测到任何文字。
+    EmptyText,
+    /// 上一次截图框选仍在进行中。
+    Busy,
+    /// macOS 屏幕录制权限未授予或已失效。
+    PermissionDenied(String),
+}
+
+/// 完整执行一次「macOS 原生交互式框选 (`screencapture -i -x -r`) + Apple Vision OCR」。
+pub fn capture_and_recognize() -> Result<OcrOutcome, String> {
+    let Some(_guard) = BusyGuard::try_acquire() else {
+        return Ok(OcrOutcome::Busy);
+    };
+
+    match screenshot::capture_interactive()? {
+        screenshot::CaptureResult::Captured(temp_path) => {
+            recognize_file(&temp_path.to_string_lossy())
+        }
+        screenshot::CaptureResult::Cancelled => Ok(OcrOutcome::Cancelled),
+        screenshot::CaptureResult::PermissionDenied(msg) => Ok(OcrOutcome::PermissionDenied(msg)),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub fn recognize_file(path: &str) -> Result<OcrOutcome, String> {
+    vision::recognize_file(path)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+pub fn recognize_file(_path: &str) -> Result<OcrOutcome, String> {
+    Err("当前平台暂不支持 OCR".to_string())
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ocr/src/screenshot.rs b/crates/ttree-ocr/src/screenshot.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93516fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ocr/src/screenshot.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//! macOS 原生屏幕区域框选（`/usr/sbin/screencapture -i -x -r`）与 TCC 录屏权限预检。
+
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::Command;
+use tempfile::{NamedTempFile, TempPath};
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+#[link(name = "CoreGraphics", kind = "framework")]
+extern "C" {
+    fn CGPreflightScreenCaptureAccess() -> bool;
+    fn CGRequestScreenCaptureAccess() -> bool;
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub fn has_screen_capture_permission() -> bool {
+    unsafe { CGPreflightScreenCaptureAccess() }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub fn request_screen_capture_permission() -> bool {
+    unsafe { CGRequestScreenCaptureAccess() }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+pub fn has_screen_capture_permission() -> bool {
+    true
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+pub fn request_screen_capture_permission() -> bool {
+    true
+}
+
+pub fn screencapture_args() -> [&'static str; 3] {
+    ["-i", "-x", "-r"]
+}
+
+pub enum CaptureResult {
+    Captured(TempPath),
+    Cancelled,
+    PermissionDenied(String),
+}
+
+const PERMISSION_HINT: &str = "未获得 macOS 屏幕录制权限。请打开「系统设置 → 隐私与安全性 → 屏幕与系统音频录制」，开启 TTREE 权限后重试。";
+
+/// 调用 Apple 原生 `/usr/sbin/screencapture -i -x -r` 进行自由框选截图。
+pub fn capture_interactive() -> Result<CaptureResult, String> {
+    let had_permission = has_screen_capture_permission();
+    if !had_permission {
+        // 主动请求一次系统权限弹窗，若仍未授权则稍后给出明确提示而非静默返回空
+        let _ = request_screen_capture_permission();
+    }
+
+    let target = new_capture_target()?;
+
+    let output = Command::new("/usr/sbin/screencapture")
+        .args(screencapture_args())
+        .arg(target.path())
+        .output()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("调用 screencapture 失败: {e}"))?;
+
+    let has_capture = validate_capture_output(target.path())?;
+    if !output.status.success() {
+        let detail = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
+        if !has_capture
+            && (detail.trim().is_empty() || detail.to_ascii_lowercase().contains("cancel"))
+        {
+            if !had_permission && !has_screen_capture_permission() {
+                return Ok(CaptureResult::PermissionDenied(PERMISSION_HINT.to_string()));
+            }
+            return Ok(CaptureResult::Cancelled);
+        }
+        let detail: String = detail.trim().chars().take(300).collect();
+        return Err(format!(
+            "系统截图失败（{}）: {detail}。{PERMISSION_HINT}",
+            output.status
+        ));
+    }
+
+    if !has_capture {
+        if !had_permission && !has_screen_capture_permission() {
+            return Ok(CaptureResult::PermissionDenied(PERMISSION_HINT.to_string()));
+        }
+        return Ok(CaptureResult::Cancelled);
+    }
+
+    Ok(CaptureResult::Captured(target.into_temp_path()))
+}
+
+fn new_capture_target() -> Result<NamedTempFile, String> {
+    tempfile::Builder::new()
+        .prefix("ttree-shot-")
+        .suffix(".png")
+        .tempfile()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("创建截图临时文件失败: {e}"))
+}
+
+fn validate_capture_output(path: &Path) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    let metadata = match std::fs::symlink_metadata(path) {
+        Ok(metadata) => metadata,
+        Err(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(false),
+        Err(error) => return Err(format!("读取截图临时文件失败: {error}")),
+    };
+    if !metadata.file_type().is_file() {
+        return Err("截图输出不是普通文件".to_string());
+    }
+    Ok(metadata.len() > 0)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preserves_native_screencapture_flags() {
+        assert_eq!(screencapture_args(), ["-i", "-x", "-r"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_or_deleted_temp_file_is_not_captured() {
+        let target = new_capture_target().unwrap();
+        assert!(!validate_capture_output(target.path()).unwrap());
+        let path = target.path().to_path_buf();
+        drop(target);
+        assert!(!validate_capture_output(&path).unwrap());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-ocr/src/vision.rs b/crates/ttree-ocr/src/vision.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d3cf6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-ocr/src/vision.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+//! macOS Apple Vision (`VNRecognizeTextRequest`) 原生文字识别。
+
+#![cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+
+use objc2::rc::{autoreleasepool, Retained};
+use objc2::runtime::AnyObject;
+use objc2::{AnyThread, ClassType};
+use objc2_core_graphics::CGImage;
+use objc2_core_image::{kCIContextUseSoftwareRenderer, CIContext};
+use objc2_core_ml::MLCPUComputeDevice;
+use objc2_foundation::{NSArray, NSDictionary, NSNumber, NSObjectProtocol, NSString};
+use objc2_vision::{
+    VNImageOptionCIContext, VNImageRequestHandler, VNRecognizeTextRequest,
+    VNRequestTextRecognitionLevel,
+};
+
+use crate::OcrOutcome;
+
+pub fn recognize_file(path: &str) -> Result<OcrOutcome, String> {
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(path).map_err(|e| format!("读取截图失败: {e}"))?;
+    recognize_bytes(&bytes)
+}
+
+pub fn recognize_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<OcrOutcome, String> {
+    autoreleasepool(|_| {
+        let image = super::image::prepare_png(bytes)?;
+        let first_error = match recognize_once(&image, false) {
+            Ok(text) if !text.trim().is_empty() => return Ok(OcrOutcome::Text(text)),
+            Ok(_) => None,
+            Err(error) => Some(error),
+        };
+
+        // 兼容回退：切换软件 CIContext + CPU 计算设备 + revision 2 再试一次
+        match recognize_once(&image, true) {
+            Ok(text) if !text.trim().is_empty() => Ok(OcrOutcome::Text(text)),
+            Ok(_) => Ok(OcrOutcome::EmptyText),
+            Err(second_error) => match first_error {
+                Some(first) => Err(format!("OCR 识别及兼容重试失败: {first}; {second_error}")),
+                None => Ok(OcrOutcome::EmptyText),
+            },
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn recognize_once(image: &CGImage, compatibility: bool) -> Result<String, String> {
+    unsafe {
+        let request: Retained<VNRecognizeTextRequest> = VNRecognizeTextRequest::new();
+        configure_request(&request, compatibility)?;
+
+        let options = if compatibility || objc2::available!(macos = 27.0) {
+            let software = NSNumber::numberWithBool(true);
+            let values: [&AnyObject; 1] = [&software];
+            let context_options =
+                NSDictionary::from_slices(&[kCIContextUseSoftwareRenderer], &values);
+            let context = CIContext::contextWithOptions(Some(&context_options));
+            let values: [&AnyObject; 1] = [&context];
+            NSDictionary::from_slices(&[VNImageOptionCIContext], &values)
+        } else {
+            NSDictionary::new()
+        };
+
+        let handler = VNImageRequestHandler::initWithCGImage_options(
+            VNImageRequestHandler::alloc(),
+            image,
+            &options,
+        );
+
+        let requests = NSArray::from_retained_slice(&[Retained::into_super(Retained::into_super(
+            request.clone(),
+        ))]);
+        handler.performRequests_error(&requests).map_err(|e| {
+            format!(
+                "OCR 执行失败: {e}（图像 {}×{}，{} bit）",
+                CGImage::width(Some(image)),
+                CGImage::height(Some(image)),
+                CGImage::bits_per_component(Some(image)),
+            )
+        })?;
+
+        Ok(collect_text(&request))
+    }
+}
+
+fn configure_request(request: &VNRecognizeTextRequest, compatibility: bool) -> Result<(), String> {
+    request.setRecognitionLevel(VNRequestTextRecognitionLevel::Accurate);
+    request.setUsesLanguageCorrection(!compatibility);
+
+    let revision = if !compatibility && objc2::available!(macos = 13.0) {
+        3
+    } else {
+        2
+    };
+    unsafe {
+        request.setRevision(revision);
+        // 关键修复：不再将 preferBackgroundProcessing 设为 true，保证菜单栏隐藏窗口状态下拥有前台级识别优先级
+        request.setPreferBackgroundProcessing(false);
+    }
+    if objc2::available!(macos = 13.0) {
+        request.setAutomaticallyDetectsLanguage(!compatibility);
+    }
+
+    let supported = unsafe {
+        if objc2::available!(macos = 12.0) {
+            request.supportedRecognitionLanguagesAndReturnError()
+        } else {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            VNRecognizeTextRequest::supportedRecognitionLanguagesForTextRecognitionLevel_revision_error(
+                VNRequestTextRecognitionLevel::Accurate,
+                revision,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+    .map_err(|error| format!("读取 OCR 支持语言失败: {error}"))?;
+
+    let supported_codes: Vec<String> = supported.iter().map(|code| code.to_string()).collect();
+    let languages: Vec<Retained<NSString>> = preferred_languages(&supported_codes, revision)
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(NSString::from_str)
+        .collect();
+    if !languages.is_empty() {
+        request.setRecognitionLanguages(&NSArray::from_retained_slice(&languages));
+    }
+
+    if compatibility || objc2::available!(macos = 27.0) {
+        configure_cpu(request)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn configure_cpu(request: &VNRecognizeTextRequest) -> Result<(), String> {
+    unsafe {
+        if objc2::available!(macos = 14.0) {
+            let stages = request
+                .supportedComputeStageDevicesAndReturnError()
+                .map_err(|error| format!("读取 OCR 计算设备失败: {error}"))?;
+            let mut assigned = false;
+            for stage in stages.allKeys().iter() {
+                if let Some(devices) = stages.objectForKey(&stage) {
+                    if let Some(cpu) = devices
+                        .iter()
+                        .find(|device| device.isKindOfClass(MLCPUComputeDevice::class()))
+                    {
+                        request.setComputeDevice_forComputeStage(Some(&cpu), &stage);
+                        assigned = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if !assigned {
+                return Err("此 OCR 模型没有可用的 CPU 计算设备".to_string());
+            }
+        } else {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            request.setUsesCPUOnly(true);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn preferred_languages(supported: &[String], revision: usize) -> Vec<&str> {
+    let candidates: &[&str] = if revision >= 3 {
+        &[
+            "zh-Hans", "zh-Hant", "en-US", "ja-JP", "ko-KR", "fr-FR", "de-DE", "es-ES", "ru-RU",
+        ]
+    } else {
+        // revision 2 中文模型仅允许与 en-US 组合
+        &["zh-Hans", "zh-Hant", "en-US"]
+    };
+    candidates
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .filter(|code| supported.iter().any(|s| s.as_str() == *code))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+unsafe fn collect_text(request: &VNRecognizeTextRequest) -> String {
+    let Some(observations) = request.results() else {
+        return String::new();
+    };
+    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+    for obs in observations.iter() {
+        let candidates = obs.topCandidates(1);
+        if let Some(top) = candidates.firstObject() {
+            lines.push(top.string().to_string());
+        }
+    }
+    lines.join("\n")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn configures_foreground_priority_and_auto_language_detection() {
+        let request = VNRecognizeTextRequest::new();
+        configure_request(&request, false).unwrap();
+        assert!(unsafe { !request.preferBackgroundProcessing() });
+        if objc2::available!(macos = 13.0) {
+            assert!(request.automaticallyDetectsLanguage());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-platform-macos/Cargo.toml b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f871ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+[package]
+name = "ttree-platform-macos"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+ttree-core = { path = "../ttree-core" }
+anyhow.workspace = true
+auto-launch.workspace = true
+global-hotkey.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
+core-foundation.workspace = true
+security-framework.workspace = true
+objc2.workspace = true
+objc2-app-kit.workspace = true
+objc2-core-graphics.workspace = true
+objc2-foundation.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/autostart.rs b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/autostart.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22b6655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/autostart.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! macOS LaunchAgent 开机自启管理。
+
+use auto_launch::{AutoLaunch, AutoLaunchBuilder};
+
+const APP_NAME: &str = "TTREE";
+
+fn build_auto_launch() -> Result<AutoLaunch, String> {
+    let exe = std::env::current_exe().map_err(|e| format!("获取当前可执行文件路径失败: {e}"))?;
+    // 若运行在 TTREE.app/Contents/MacOS/ttree 内，优先传入 .app bundle 路径
+    let app_path = exe
+        .parent()
+        .and_then(|macos| macos.parent())
+        .and_then(|contents| contents.parent())
+        .filter(|bundle| bundle.extension().is_some_and(|ext| ext == "app"))
+        .unwrap_or(exe.as_path());
+
+    AutoLaunchBuilder::new()
+        .set_app_name(APP_NAME)
+        .set_app_path(&app_path.to_string_lossy())
+        .set_use_launch_agent(true)
+        .build()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("初始化开机自启失败: {e}"))
+}
+
+pub fn is_enabled() -> bool {
+    build_auto_launch()
+        .and_then(|al| al.is_enabled().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+pub fn set_enabled(enable: bool) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    let al = build_auto_launch()?;
+    if enable {
+        al.enable().map_err(|e| format!("启用开机自启失败: {e}"))?;
+    } else if al.is_enabled().unwrap_or(false) {
+        al.disable().map_err(|e| format!("关闭开机自启失败: {e}"))?;
+    }
+    al.is_enabled()
+        .map_err(|e| format!("读取开机自启状态失败: {e}"))
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/hotkey.rs b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/hotkey.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de99102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/hotkey.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+//! 全局快捷键解析、冲突校验与内存级 O(1) 分发（不读盘）。
+
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+use anyhow::anyhow;
+use global_hotkey::hotkey::{HotKey, Modifiers};
+use ttree_core::ShortcutConfig;
+
+const MAX_SHORTCUT_SPEC_BYTES: usize = 128;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum ShortcutAction {
+    Toggle,
+    Ocr,
+    AiDialog,
+    SelectionTranslate,
+    SelectionAiDialog,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct ParsedShortcuts {
+    pub toggle: Option<HotKey>,
+    pub ocr: Option<HotKey>,
+    pub ai_dialog: Option<HotKey>,
+    pub selection_translate: Option<HotKey>,
+    pub selection_ai_dialog: Option<HotKey>,
+}
+
+impl ParsedShortcuts {
+    /// 划词动作排在对应的纯呼出动作之前，共用同一快捷键时优先走划词逻辑。
+    pub fn entries(&self) -> [(ShortcutAction, &Option<HotKey>); 5] {
+        [
+            (
+                ShortcutAction::SelectionTranslate,
+                &self.selection_translate,
+            ),
+            (ShortcutAction::SelectionAiDialog, &self.selection_ai_dialog),
+            (ShortcutAction::Toggle, &self.toggle),
+            (ShortcutAction::Ocr, &self.ocr),
+            (ShortcutAction::AiDialog, &self.ai_dialog),
+        ]
+    }
+
+    /// 去重后的待注册热键列表。
+    pub fn unique_hotkeys(&self) -> Vec<HotKey> {
+        let mut out: Vec<HotKey> = Vec::new();
+        for (_, hk) in self.entries() {
+            if let Some(hk) = hk {
+                if !out.iter().any(|existing| existing.id() == hk.id()) {
+                    out.push(*hk);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// 根据 `global-hotkey` 的 `id` 在内存中 O(1) 匹配动作。
+    pub fn action_for_id(&self, hotkey_id: u32) -> Option<ShortcutAction> {
+        self.entries()
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|(_, candidate)| candidate.as_ref().is_some_and(|hk| hk.id() == hotkey_id))
+            .map(|(action, _)| action)
+    }
+
+    fn reject_disallowed_duplicates(&self) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
+        let fields: [(&str, &Option<HotKey>); 5] = [
+            ("呼出翻译快捷键", &self.toggle),
+            ("截图 OCR 快捷键", &self.ocr),
+            ("呼出 AI 对话快捷键", &self.ai_dialog),
+            ("划词翻译快捷键", &self.selection_translate),
+            ("划词 AI 对话快捷键", &self.selection_ai_dialog),
+        ];
+
+        for (i, (left_label, left)) in fields.iter().enumerate() {
+            let Some(left) = left else { continue };
+            for (right_label, right) in fields.iter().skip(i + 1) {
+                let Some(right) = right else { continue };
+                if left.id() == right.id() && !is_allowed_shared_pair(left_label, right_label) {
+                    return Err(anyhow!("{left_label}和{right_label}不能相同"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_allowed_shared_pair(a: &str, b: &str) -> bool {
+    const ALLOWED: [(&str, &str); 2] = [
+        ("呼出翻译快捷键", "划词翻译快捷键"),
+        ("呼出 AI 对话快捷键", "划词 AI 对话快捷键"),
+    ];
+    ALLOWED
+        .iter()
+        .any(|&(x, y)| (a == x && b == y) || (a == y && b == x))
+}
+
+/// 将 Tauri 风格的 `CmdOrCtrl+Shift+Space` / `Option+Space` 规范化为 `global-hotkey` 支持的格式。
+fn normalize_spec(spec: &str) -> String {
+    spec.trim()
+        .split('+')
+        .map(|part| match part.trim() {
+            "CmdOrCtrl" | "CommandOrControl" | "Cmd" | "Command" => "Super",
+            "Option" => "Alt",
+            other => other,
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join("+")
+}
+
+pub fn parse_shortcut_config(cfg: &ShortcutConfig) -> Result<ParsedShortcuts, anyhow::Error> {
+    let parsed = ParsedShortcuts {
+        toggle: parse_optional_shortcut("呼出翻译快捷键", &cfg.toggle)?,
+        ocr: parse_optional_shortcut("截图 OCR 快捷键", &cfg.ocr)?,
+        ai_dialog: parse_optional_shortcut("呼出 AI 对话快捷键", &cfg.ai_dialog)?,
+        selection_translate: parse_optional_shortcut("划词翻译快捷键", &cfg.selection_translate)?,
+        selection_ai_dialog: parse_optional_shortcut(
+            "划词 AI 对话快捷键",
+            &cfg.selection_ai_dialog,
+        )?,
+    };
+    parsed.reject_disallowed_duplicates()?;
+    Ok(parsed)
+}
+
+fn parse_optional_shortcut(label: &str, spec: &str) -> Result<Option<HotKey>, anyhow::Error> {
+    if spec.len() > MAX_SHORTCUT_SPEC_BYTES {
+        return Err(anyhow!("{label}超出 {MAX_SHORTCUT_SPEC_BYTES} 字节上限"));
+    }
+    if spec.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let normalized = normalize_spec(spec);
+    let hotkey = HotKey::from_str(&normalized).map_err(|e| anyhow!("{label}无效: {e}"))?;
+    if !hotkey
+        .mods
+        .intersects(Modifiers::SUPER | Modifiers::CONTROL | Modifiers::ALT)
+    {
+        return Err(anyhow!("{label}必须包含 Cmd/Ctrl/Option 中的至少一个修饰键"));
+    }
+    Ok(Some(hotkey))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_default_and_shared_shortcuts() {
+        let cfg = ShortcutConfig {
+            toggle: "CmdOrCtrl+Shift+Space".to_string(),
+            ocr: "CmdOrCtrl+Shift+S".to_string(),
+            ai_dialog: "Option+Space".to_string(),
+            selection_translate: "CmdOrCtrl+Shift+Space".to_string(),
+            selection_ai_dialog: String::new(),
+        };
+        let parsed = parse_shortcut_config(&cfg).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(parsed.unique_hotkeys().len(), 3);
+        let toggle_id = parsed.toggle.unwrap().id();
+        assert_eq!(
+            parsed.action_for_id(toggle_id),
+            Some(ShortcutAction::SelectionTranslate)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn rejects_invalid_or_conflicting_shortcuts() {
+        let no_mod = ShortcutConfig {
+            toggle: "Space".to_string(),
+            ..ShortcutConfig::default()
+        };
+        assert!(parse_shortcut_config(&no_mod).is_err());
+
+        let conflict = ShortcutConfig {
+            toggle: "CmdOrCtrl+Shift+S".to_string(),
+            ocr: "CmdOrCtrl+Shift+S".to_string(),
+            ..ShortcutConfig::default()
+        };
+        assert!(parse_shortcut_config(&conflict).is_err());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/keychain.rs b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/keychain.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4b2389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/keychain.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//! macOS Keychain 封装 —— 兼容 `com.samwstu.ttree` 既有凭据格式。
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+use security_framework::passwords;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+pub const SERVICE: &str = "com.samwstu.ttree";
+pub const ACCOUNT_OPENAI_KEY: &str = "openai.api_key";
+pub const ACCOUNT_CHAT_AI_KEY: &str = "chat_ai.api_key";
+
+const ERR_SEC_ITEM_NOT_FOUND: i32 = -25300;
+const BOUND_SECRET_PREFIX: &str = "ttree-bound-secret-v1:";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum SecretRecord {
+    Legacy(String),
+    Bound { endpoint: String, value: String },
+}
+
+impl SecretRecord {
+    pub fn value(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Legacy(v) => v,
+            Self::Bound { value, .. } => value,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+struct BoundSecretPayload {
+    endpoint: String,
+    value: String,
+}
+
+pub fn encode_bound_secret(endpoint: &str, value: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    if endpoint.is_empty() || value.is_empty() {
+        return Err("接口地址和密钥均不能为空".to_string());
+    }
+    let payload = serde_json::to_string(&BoundSecretPayload {
+        endpoint: endpoint.to_string(),
+        value: value.to_string(),
+    })
+    .map_err(|e| format!("序列化钥匙串记录失败: {e}"))?;
+    Ok(format!("{BOUND_SECRET_PREFIX}{payload}"))
+}
+
+pub fn decode_secret_record(raw: &str) -> Result<SecretRecord, String> {
+    let Some(payload) = raw.strip_prefix(BOUND_SECRET_PREFIX) else {
+        return Ok(SecretRecord::Legacy(raw.to_string()));
+    };
+    let record: BoundSecretPayload =
+        serde_json::from_str(payload).map_err(|e| format!("钥匙串记录损坏: {e}"))?;
+    if record.endpoint.is_empty() || record.value.is_empty() {
+        return Err("钥匙串记录损坏: 接口地址或密钥为空".to_string());
+    }
+    Ok(SecretRecord::Bound {
+        endpoint: record.endpoint,
+        value: record.value,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn get_secret_record(account: &str) -> Result<Option<SecretRecord>, String> {
+    get_secret(account)?
+        .map(|raw| decode_secret_record(&raw))
+        .transpose()
+}
+
+pub fn set_bound_secret(account: &str, endpoint: &str, value: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let encoded = encode_bound_secret(endpoint, value)?;
+    set_secret(account, &encoded)
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub fn get_secret(account: &str) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
+    match passwords::get_generic_password(SERVICE, account) {
+        Ok(bytes) => Ok(Some(
+            String::from_utf8(bytes).map_err(|e| format!("密钥内容非 UTF-8: {e}"))?,
+        )),
+        Err(err) => {
+            if err.code() == ERR_SEC_ITEM_NOT_FOUND {
+                Ok(None)
+            } else {
+                Err(format!("读取钥匙串失败 (code {}): {err}", err.code()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub fn set_secret(account: &str, value: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    passwords::set_generic_password(SERVICE, account, value.as_bytes())
+        .map_err(|e| format!("写入钥匙串失败: {e}"))
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub fn delete_secret(account: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    match passwords::delete_generic_password(SERVICE, account) {
+        Ok(()) => Ok(()),
+        Err(err) if err.code() == ERR_SEC_ITEM_NOT_FOUND => Ok(()),
+        Err(err) => Err(format!("删除钥匙串失败 (code {}): {err}", err.code())),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+pub fn get_secret(_account: &str) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
+    Ok(None)
+}
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+pub fn set_secret(_account: &str, _value: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    Ok(())
+}
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+pub fn delete_secret(_account: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn round_trips_bound_secret() {
+        let encoded = encode_bound_secret("https://api.openai.com/v1", "sk-test").unwrap();
+        let decoded = decode_secret_record(&encoded).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(decoded.value(), "sk-test");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/lib.rs b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f393bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//! `ttree-platform-macos` —— macOS 原生系统能力封装：
+//! - Keychain 安全凭据存取（兼容既有 `com.samwstu.ttree` 钥匙串记录）
+//! - Accessibility + 剪贴板回退的划词捕获
+//! - 全局热键解析、冲突校验与内存级 O(1) 分发
+//! - LaunchAgent 开机自启管理
+
+pub mod autostart;
+pub mod hotkey;
+pub mod keychain;
+pub mod selection;
diff --git a/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/selection.rs b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/selection.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b66bbf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-platform-macos/src/selection.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+//! macOS 选中文本捕获：优先走 Accessibility API (`AXSelectedText`)，
+//! 仅当辅助功能未授权或焦点控件不支持 AX 属性时才回退到临时剪贴板复制。
+
+use anyhow::Result;
+
+pub fn normalize_selected_text(text: impl AsRef<str>) -> Option<String> {
+    let trimmed = text.as_ref().trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(trimmed.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+mod imp {
+    use std::ptr;
+    use std::thread;
+    use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+    use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+    use core_foundation::base::{Boolean, CFRelease, CFTypeRef, TCFType};
+    use core_foundation::string::{CFString, CFStringRef};
+    use objc2_app_kit::{NSPasteboard, NSPasteboardType, NSPasteboardTypeString};
+    use objc2_core_graphics::{CGEvent, CGEventFlags, CGEventTapLocation};
+    use objc2_foundation::{NSData, NSInteger, NSString};
+
+    use super::normalize_selected_text;
+
+    const AX_ERROR_SUCCESS: i32 = 0;
+    const AX_ERROR_NO_VALUE: i32 = -25212;
+    const COPY_KEY_CODE: u16 = 8;
+    const COPY_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(320);
+    const COPY_POLL_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_millis(16);
+
+    #[repr(C)]
+    struct __AXUIElement {
+        _private: [u8; 0],
+    }
+
+    type AXUIElementRef = *const __AXUIElement;
+
+    #[link(name = "ApplicationServices", kind = "framework")]
+    extern "C" {
+        fn AXIsProcessTrusted() -> Boolean;
+        fn AXUIElementCreateSystemWide() -> AXUIElementRef;
+        fn AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(
+            element: AXUIElementRef,
+            attribute: CFStringRef,
+            value: *mut CFTypeRef,
+        ) -> i32;
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    enum AxOutcome {
+        Selected(String),
+        EmptySelection,
+        Unavailable,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+    struct PasteboardSnapshot {
+        entries: Vec<PasteboardEntry>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+    struct PasteboardEntry {
+        type_name: String,
+        data: Vec<u8>,
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_accessibility_trusted() -> bool {
+        unsafe { AXIsProcessTrusted() != 0 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn capture_selected_text() -> Result<Option<String>> {
+        match capture_accessibility() {
+            AxOutcome::Selected(text) => Ok(Some(text)),
+            // Accessibility 已明确告知当前焦点控件为空选区：不合成 Cmd+C，避免误触蜂鸣音与 320ms 轮询等待
+            AxOutcome::EmptySelection => Ok(None),
+            AxOutcome::Unavailable => capture_clipboard_selected_text(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn capture_accessibility() -> AxOutcome {
+        unsafe {
+            if AXIsProcessTrusted() == 0 {
+                return AxOutcome::Unavailable;
+            }
+
+            let system_element = AXUIElementCreateSystemWide();
+            if system_element.is_null() {
+                return AxOutcome::Unavailable;
+            }
+
+            let focused_attr = CFString::new("AXFocusedUIElement");
+            let mut focused_value: CFTypeRef = ptr::null();
+            let focused_error = AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(
+                system_element,
+                focused_attr.as_concrete_TypeRef(),
+                &mut focused_value,
+            );
+            CFRelease(system_element as CFTypeRef);
+
+            if focused_error != AX_ERROR_SUCCESS || focused_value.is_null() {
+                return AxOutcome::Unavailable;
+            }
+
+            let selected_attr = CFString::new("AXSelectedText");
+            let mut selected_value: CFTypeRef = ptr::null();
+            let selected_error = AXUIElementCopyAttributeValue(
+                focused_value as AXUIElementRef,
+                selected_attr.as_concrete_TypeRef(),
+                &mut selected_value,
+            );
+            CFRelease(focused_value);
+
+            if selected_error == AX_ERROR_NO_VALUE {
+                return AxOutcome::EmptySelection;
+            }
+            if selected_error != AX_ERROR_SUCCESS || selected_value.is_null() {
+                return AxOutcome::Unavailable;
+            }
+
+            let selected =
+                CFString::wrap_under_create_rule(selected_value as CFStringRef).to_string();
+            match normalize_selected_text(selected) {
+                Some(text) => AxOutcome::Selected(text),
+                None => AxOutcome::EmptySelection,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn capture_clipboard_selected_text() -> Result<Option<String>> {
+        let pasteboard = NSPasteboard::generalPasteboard();
+        let snapshot = snapshot_pasteboard(&pasteboard);
+        let before_copy = pasteboard.changeCount();
+
+        post_copy_keypress()?;
+
+        let Some(copy_change_count) = wait_for_pasteboard_change(&pasteboard, before_copy) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let copied_text = read_plain_text(&pasteboard).and_then(normalize_selected_text);
+
+        if pasteboard.changeCount() == copy_change_count {
+            restore_pasteboard(&pasteboard, &snapshot);
+        }
+
+        Ok(copied_text)
+    }
+
+    fn snapshot_pasteboard(pasteboard: &NSPasteboard) -> PasteboardSnapshot {
+        let entries = pasteboard
+            .types()
+            .map(|types| {
+                types
+                    .to_vec()
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter_map(|type_name| {
+                        pasteboard
+                            .dataForType(&type_name)
+                            .map(|data| PasteboardEntry {
+                                type_name: type_name.to_string(),
+                                data: data.to_vec(),
+                            })
+                    })
+                    .collect()
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        PasteboardSnapshot { entries }
+    }
+
+    fn restore_pasteboard(pasteboard: &NSPasteboard, snapshot: &PasteboardSnapshot) {
+        let _ = pasteboard.clearContents();
+        for entry in &snapshot.entries {
+            let type_name = NSString::from_str(&entry.type_name);
+            let data = NSData::with_bytes(&entry.data);
+            let _ = pasteboard.setData_forType(Some(&data), &type_name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn wait_for_pasteboard_change(
+        pasteboard: &NSPasteboard,
+        before_copy: NSInteger,
+    ) -> Option<NSInteger> {
+        let deadline = Instant::now() + COPY_TIMEOUT;
+        while Instant::now() < deadline {
+            let current = pasteboard.changeCount();
+            if current != before_copy {
+                return Some(current);
+            }
+            thread::sleep(COPY_POLL_INTERVAL);
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn read_plain_text(pasteboard: &NSPasteboard) -> Option<String> {
+        let pb_type: &'static NSPasteboardType = unsafe { NSPasteboardTypeString };
+        pasteboard
+            .stringForType(pb_type)
+            .map(|text| text.to_string())
+    }
+
+    fn post_copy_keypress() -> Result<()> {
+        let key_down = CGEvent::new_keyboard_event(None, COPY_KEY_CODE, true)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("创建复制按下事件失败"))?;
+        let key_up = CGEvent::new_keyboard_event(None, COPY_KEY_CODE, false)
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("创建复制释放事件失败"))?;
+
+        CGEvent::set_flags(Some(&key_down), CGEventFlags::MaskCommand);
+        CGEvent::set_flags(Some(&key_up), CGEventFlags::MaskCommand);
+        CGEvent::post(CGEventTapLocation::HIDEventTap, Some(&key_down));
+        CGEvent::post(CGEventTapLocation::HIDEventTap, Some(&key_up));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub fn capture_selected_text() -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    imp::capture_selected_text()
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
+pub fn is_accessibility_trusted() -> bool {
+    imp::is_accessibility_trusted()
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+pub fn capture_selected_text() -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+pub fn is_accessibility_trusted() -> bool {
+    false
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn normalizes_whitespace_only_to_none() {
+        assert_eq!(normalize_selected_text("   \n\t "), None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_selected_text("  hello world \n"),
+            Some("hello world".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-storage/Cargo.toml b/crates/ttree-storage/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffb3687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-storage/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+[package]
+name = "ttree-storage"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+ttree-core = { path = "../ttree-core" }
+ttree-platform-macos = { path = "../ttree-platform-macos" }
+dirs.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tempfile.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/ttree-storage/src/history.rs b/crates/ttree-storage/src/history.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc44c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-storage/src/history.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+//! AI 对话历史持久化（JSONL 追加写，100% 兼容既有 `chat-history.jsonl`）。
+
+use std::fs::{self, File, OpenOptions};
+use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Write};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::Mutex;
+
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use ttree_core::{validate_messages, ChatMessage, Conversation};
+
+use crate::settings::SettingsStore;
+
+pub const HISTORY_FILE: &str = "chat-history.jsonl";
+const SESSION_START_MARKER: &str = r#"{"type":"session_start"}"#;
+const SUMMARY_MAX_CHARS: usize = 40;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+enum HistoryLine {
+    SessionResume {
+        #[serde(rename = "type")]
+        kind: String,
+        id: usize,
+    },
+    SessionStart {
+        #[serde(rename = "type")]
+        kind: String,
+    },
+    Message(ChatMessage),
+}
+
+pub struct HistoryStore {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    lock: Mutex<()>,
+}
+
+impl HistoryStore {
+    pub fn open_default() -> Self {
+        let dir = SettingsStore::default_config_dir();
+        let _ = fs::create_dir_all(&dir);
+        Self::open_at(dir.join(HISTORY_FILE))
+    }
+
+    pub fn open_at(path: PathBuf) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            path,
+            lock: Mutex::new(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_new_conversation(&self) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let _guard = self.lock.lock().map_err(|e| format!("历史锁中毒: {e}"))?;
+        let needs_marker = fs::metadata(&self.path)
+            .map(|m| m.len() > 0)
+            .unwrap_or(false);
+        if !needs_marker {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let mut file = OpenOptions::new()
+            .create(true)
+            .append(true)
+            .open(&self.path)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("打开历史文件失败: {e}"))?;
+        let mut buf = String::from(SESSION_START_MARKER);
+        buf.push('\n');
+        file.write_all(buf.as_bytes())
+            .map_err(|e| format!("写入对话分隔标记失败: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn append_round(
+        &self,
+        conversation_id: Option<usize>,
+        msgs: &[ChatMessage],
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        if msgs.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        validate_messages(msgs)?;
+        let _guard = self.lock.lock().map_err(|e| format!("历史锁中毒: {e}"))?;
+        let mut buf = String::with_capacity(128 * msgs.len());
+        if let Some(id) = conversation_id {
+            let conversations = read_conversations_from_path(&self.path)?;
+            if !conversations.iter().any(|c| c.id == id) {
+                return Err(format!("对话不存在: {id}"));
+            }
+            let marker = serde_json::json!({ "type": "session_resume", "id": id });
+            buf.push_str(
+                &serde_json::to_string(&marker)
+                    .map_err(|e| format!("序列化对话恢复标记失败: {e}"))?,
+            );
+            buf.push('\n');
+        }
+        for m in msgs {
+            let line = serde_json::to_string(m).map_err(|e| format!("序列化消息失败: {e}"))?;
+            buf.push_str(&line);
+            buf.push('\n');
+        }
+        if let Some(parent) = self.path.parent() {
+            let _ = fs::create_dir_all(parent);
+        }
+        let mut file = OpenOptions::new()
+            .create(true)
+            .append(true)
+            .open(&self.path)
+            .map_err(|e| format!("打开历史文件失败: {e}"))?;
+        file.write_all(buf.as_bytes())
+            .map_err(|e| format!("写入历史文件失败: {e}"))
+    }
+
+    pub fn read_conversations(&self) -> Result<Vec<Conversation>, String> {
+        let _guard = self.lock.lock().map_err(|e| format!("历史锁中毒: {e}"))?;
+        read_conversations_from_path(&self.path)
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear(&self) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let _guard = self.lock.lock().map_err(|e| format!("历史锁中毒: {e}"))?;
+        match fs::remove_file(&self.path) {
+            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
+            Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(()),
+            Err(e) => Err(format!("删除历史文件失败: {e}")),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn read_conversations_from_path(path: &Path) -> Result<Vec<Conversation>, String> {
+    let file = match File::open(path) {
+        Ok(f) => f,
+        Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(Vec::new()),
+        Err(e) => return Err(format!("打开历史文件失败: {e}")),
+    };
+    let reader = BufReader::new(file);
+    Ok(parse_conversation_lines(
+        reader.lines().map_while(Result::ok),
+    ))
+}
+
+pub fn parse_conversation_lines<I>(lines: I) -> Vec<Conversation>
+where
+    I: IntoIterator<Item = String>,
+{
+    let mut conversations: Vec<Conversation> = Vec::new();
+    let mut current_id: Option<usize> = None;
+    let mut next_id: usize = 0;
+
+    for line in lines {
+        let trimmed = line.trim();
+        if trimmed.is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let Ok(parsed) = serde_json::from_str::<HistoryLine>(trimmed) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        match parsed {
+            HistoryLine::SessionResume { kind, id } if kind == "session_resume" => {
+                current_id = Some(id);
+                next_id = next_id.max(id.saturating_add(1));
+                if let Some(index) = conversations.iter().position(|c| c.id == id) {
+                    let conv = conversations.remove(index);
+                    conversations.push(conv);
+                }
+            }
+            HistoryLine::SessionStart { kind } if kind == "session_start" => {
+                current_id = Some(next_id);
+                next_id = next_id.saturating_add(1);
+            }
+            HistoryLine::Message(msg) => {
+                let id = current_id.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    let id = next_id;
+                    next_id = next_id.saturating_add(1);
+                    current_id = Some(id);
+                    id
+                });
+                if !conversations.iter().any(|c| c.id == id) {
+                    conversations.push(Conversation {
+                        id,
+                        messages: Vec::new(),
+                        summary: String::new(),
+                    });
+                }
+                let conv = conversations
+                    .iter_mut()
+                    .find(|c| c.id == id)
+                    .expect("conversation exists");
+                if conv.summary.is_empty() && msg.role == "user" {
+                    conv.summary = truncate_summary(&msg.content);
+                }
+                conv.messages.push(msg);
+            }
+            _ => continue,
+        }
+    }
+    conversations
+}
+
+fn truncate_summary(content: &str) -> String {
+    let first_line = content.lines().next().unwrap_or("").trim();
+    if first_line.chars().count() <= SUMMARY_MAX_CHARS {
+        return first_line.to_string();
+    }
+    let truncated: String = first_line.chars().take(SUMMARY_MAX_CHARS).collect();
+    format!("{truncated}…")
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn round_trips_conversations_and_session_splits() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        let store = HistoryStore::open_at(tmp.path().to_path_buf());
+
+        store
+            .append_round(
+                None,
+                &[
+                    ChatMessage::user("第一段问题"),
+                    ChatMessage::assistant("第一段回答"),
+                ],
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        store.start_new_conversation().unwrap();
+        store
+            .append_round(
+                None,
+                &[
+                    ChatMessage::user("第二段问题"),
+                    ChatMessage::assistant("第二段回答"),
+                ],
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let convs = store.read_conversations().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(convs.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(convs[0].summary, "第一段问题");
+        assert_eq!(convs[1].summary, "第二段问题");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-storage/src/lib.rs b/crates/ttree-storage/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b515295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-storage/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! `ttree-storage` —— 内存级配置缓存（兼容既有 `settings.json` 与 Keychain）与 JSONL 对话历史持久化。
+
+pub mod history;
+pub mod settings;
+
+pub use history::HistoryStore;
+pub use settings::SettingsStore;
diff --git a/crates/ttree-storage/src/settings.rs b/crates/ttree-storage/src/settings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3dbcc7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-storage/src/settings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+//! 内存缓存 + 磁盘持久化的配置管理。
+//!
+//! 关键性能优化：
+//! - 启动时一次性加载 `settings.json` 与 Keychain 密钥到内存 `RwLock`
+//! - 翻译/对话/快捷键分发热路径直接从内存读取（0 磁盘 I/O，0 Keychain IPC）
+//! - 100% 兼容旧版 Tauri `tauri-plugin-store` 生成的扁平点号键名（如 `"openai.base_url"`）
+
+use std::fs;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::RwLock;
+
+use serde_json::{Map, Value};
+use ttree_core::config::{
+    validate_field_len, MAX_API_KEY_BYTES, MAX_MODEL_BYTES, MAX_PATH_BYTES, MAX_PROMPT_BYTES,
+};
+use ttree_core::{
+    normalize_base_url, AiBackendKind, AiTranslationConfig, AppearanceConfig, ChatAiConfig,
+    ShortcutConfig, WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT, WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH,
+};
+use ttree_platform_macos::keychain::{self, ACCOUNT_CHAT_AI_KEY, ACCOUNT_OPENAI_KEY};
+
+pub const APP_BUNDLE_ID: &str = "com.samwstu.ttree";
+pub const STORE_FILE: &str = "settings.json";
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct CachedSettings {
+    raw_map: Map<String, Value>,
+    ai_translate: AiTranslationConfig,
+    chat_ai: ChatAiConfig,
+    shortcuts: ShortcutConfig,
+    appearance: AppearanceConfig,
+    window_size: (f64, f64),
+}
+
+pub struct SettingsStore {
+    path: PathBuf,
+    cache: RwLock<CachedSettings>,
+}
+
+impl SettingsStore {
+    pub fn default_config_dir() -> PathBuf {
+        dirs::config_dir()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("/tmp"))
+            .join(APP_BUNDLE_ID)
+    }
+
+    pub fn open_default() -> Self {
+        let dir = Self::default_config_dir();
+        let _ = fs::create_dir_all(&dir);
+        Self::open_at(dir.join(STORE_FILE))
+    }
+
+    pub fn open_at(path: PathBuf) -> Self {
+        let raw_map = read_json_map(&path);
+        let ai_translate = load_ai_translation(&raw_map);
+        let chat_ai = load_chat_ai(&raw_map);
+        let shortcuts = load_shortcuts(&raw_map);
+        let appearance = load_appearance(&raw_map);
+        let window_size = load_window_size(&raw_map).unwrap_or((680.0, 520.0));
+
+        Self {
+            path,
+            cache: RwLock::new(CachedSettings {
+                raw_map,
+                ai_translate,
+                chat_ai,
+                shortcuts,
+                appearance,
+                window_size,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 供翻译请求直接读取（含内存缓存的真实 API Key，零 I/O）。
+    pub fn ai_translation_for_request(&self) -> AiTranslationConfig {
+        self.cache.read().expect("settings lock poisoned").ai_translate.clone()
+    }
+
+    /// 供对话请求直接读取（含内存缓存的真实 API Key，零 I/O）。
+    pub fn chat_ai_for_request(&self) -> ChatAiConfig {
+        self.cache.read().expect("settings lock poisoned").chat_ai.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn shortcuts(&self) -> ShortcutConfig {
+        self.cache.read().expect("settings lock poisoned").shortcuts.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn appearance(&self) -> AppearanceConfig {
+        self.cache.read().expect("settings lock poisoned").appearance
+    }
+
+    pub fn window_size(&self) -> (f64, f64) {
+        self.cache.read().expect("settings lock poisoned").window_size
+    }
+
+    pub fn save_ai_translation(&self, input: &AiTranslationConfig) -> Result<(), String> {
+        validate_field_len("模型", &input.model, MAX_MODEL_BYTES)?;
+        validate_field_len("GGUF 模型路径", &input.gguf_model_path, MAX_PATH_BYTES)?;
+        validate_field_len("Tokenizer 路径", &input.gguf_tokenizer_path, MAX_PATH_BYTES)?;
+        validate_field_len("翻译提示词", &input.translate_prompt, MAX_PROMPT_BYTES)?;
+
+        let base_url = if input.backend == AiBackendKind::CandleGguf && input.base_url.trim().is_empty() {
+            String::new()
+        } else {
+            normalize_base_url(&input.base_url)?
+        };
+
+        let mut guard = self.cache.write().expect("settings lock poisoned");
+        let resolved_key = update_secret_if_needed(
+            ACCOUNT_OPENAI_KEY,
+            &base_url,
+            &guard.ai_translate.api_key,
+            &input.api_key,
+            input.clear_api_key,
+        )?;
+
+        let updated = AiTranslationConfig {
+            enabled: input.enabled,
+            backend: input.backend,
+            base_url: base_url.clone(),
+            has_api_key: !resolved_key.is_empty(),
+            api_key: resolved_key,
+            clear_api_key: false,
+            model: input.model.trim().to_string(),
+            gguf_model_path: input.gguf_model_path.trim().to_string(),
+            gguf_tokenizer_path: input.gguf_tokenizer_path.trim().to_string(),
+            translate_prompt: input.translate_prompt.clone(),
+        };
+
+        guard.raw_map.insert("openai.enabled".into(), Value::Bool(updated.enabled));
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "openai.backend".into(),
+            serde_json::to_value(updated.backend).unwrap_or(Value::String("open_ai_compatible".into())),
+        );
+        guard.raw_map.insert("openai.base_url".into(), Value::String(updated.base_url.clone()));
+        guard.raw_map.insert("openai.model".into(), Value::String(updated.model.clone()));
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "openai.gguf_model_path".into(),
+            Value::String(updated.gguf_model_path.clone()),
+        );
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "openai.gguf_tokenizer_path".into(),
+            Value::String(updated.gguf_tokenizer_path.clone()),
+        );
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "openai.translate_prompt".into(),
+            Value::String(updated.translate_prompt.clone()),
+        );
+        guard.raw_map.remove("openai.api_key");
+
+        write_json_map(&self.path, &guard.raw_map)?;
+        guard.ai_translate = updated;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn save_chat_ai(&self, input: &ChatAiConfig) -> Result<(), String> {
+        validate_field_len("模型", &input.model, MAX_MODEL_BYTES)?;
+        validate_field_len("GGUF 模型路径", &input.gguf_model_path, MAX_PATH_BYTES)?;
+        validate_field_len("Tokenizer 路径", &input.gguf_tokenizer_path, MAX_PATH_BYTES)?;
+        validate_field_len("AI 对话提示词", &input.chat_prompt, MAX_PROMPT_BYTES)?;
+
+        let base_url = if input.backend == AiBackendKind::CandleGguf && input.base_url.trim().is_empty() {
+            String::new()
+        } else {
+            normalize_base_url(&input.base_url)?
+        };
+
+        let mut guard = self.cache.write().expect("settings lock poisoned");
+        let resolved_key = update_secret_if_needed(
+            ACCOUNT_CHAT_AI_KEY,
+            &base_url,
+            &guard.chat_ai.api_key,
+            &input.api_key,
+            input.clear_api_key,
+        )?;
+
+        let updated = ChatAiConfig {
+            backend: input.backend,
+            base_url: base_url.clone(),
+            has_api_key: !resolved_key.is_empty(),
+            api_key: resolved_key,
+            clear_api_key: false,
+            model: input.model.trim().to_string(),
+            gguf_model_path: input.gguf_model_path.trim().to_string(),
+            gguf_tokenizer_path: input.gguf_tokenizer_path.trim().to_string(),
+            chat_prompt: input.chat_prompt.clone(),
+        };
+
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "chat_ai.backend".into(),
+            serde_json::to_value(updated.backend).unwrap_or(Value::String("open_ai_compatible".into())),
+        );
+        guard.raw_map.insert("chat_ai.base_url".into(), Value::String(updated.base_url.clone()));
+        guard.raw_map.insert("chat_ai.model".into(), Value::String(updated.model.clone()));
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "chat_ai.gguf_model_path".into(),
+            Value::String(updated.gguf_model_path.clone()),
+        );
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "chat_ai.gguf_tokenizer_path".into(),
+            Value::String(updated.gguf_tokenizer_path.clone()),
+        );
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "chat_ai.chat_prompt".into(),
+            Value::String(updated.chat_prompt.clone()),
+        );
+        guard.raw_map.remove("chat_ai.api_key");
+
+        write_json_map(&self.path, &guard.raw_map)?;
+        guard.chat_ai = updated;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn save_shortcuts(&self, cfg: &ShortcutConfig) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let mut guard = self.cache.write().expect("settings lock poisoned");
+        guard.raw_map.insert("shortcut.toggle".into(), Value::String(cfg.toggle.clone()));
+        guard.raw_map.insert("shortcut.ocr".into(), Value::String(cfg.ocr.clone()));
+        guard.raw_map.insert("shortcut.ai_dialog".into(), Value::String(cfg.ai_dialog.clone()));
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "shortcut.selection_translate".into(),
+            Value::String(cfg.selection_translate.clone()),
+        );
+        guard.raw_map.insert(
+            "shortcut.selection_ai_dialog".into(),
+            Value::String(cfg.selection_ai_dialog.clone()),
+        );
+        write_json_map(&self.path, &guard.raw_map)?;
+        guard.shortcuts = cfg.clone();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn save_appearance(&self, cfg: AppearanceConfig) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let clamped = AppearanceConfig {
+            panel_opacity: AppearanceConfig::clamp_opacity(cfg.panel_opacity),
+        };
+        let mut guard = self.cache.write().expect("settings lock poisoned");
+        guard
+            .raw_map
+            .insert("appearance.panel_opacity".into(), Value::from(clamped.panel_opacity));
+        write_json_map(&self.path, &guard.raw_map)?;
+        guard.appearance = clamped;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn save_window_size(&self, width: f64, height: f64) {
+        let w = width.max(WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH);
+        let h = height.max(WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT);
+        if let Ok(mut guard) = self.cache.write() {
+            if (guard.window_size.0 - w).abs() < 1.0 && (guard.window_size.1 - h).abs() < 1.0 {
+                return;
+            }
+            guard.window_size = (w, h);
+            guard.raw_map.insert("window.width".into(), Value::from(w));
+            guard.raw_map.insert("window.height".into(), Value::from(h));
+            let _ = write_json_map(&self.path, &guard.raw_map);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn update_secret_if_needed(
+    account: &str,
+    endpoint: &str,
+    existing: &str,
+    new_key: &str,
+    clear: bool,
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let trimmed = new_key.trim();
+    validate_field_len("API Key", trimmed, MAX_API_KEY_BYTES)?;
+    if clear {
+        let _ = keychain::delete_secret(account);
+        return Ok(String::new());
+    }
+    if !trimmed.is_empty() {
+        let bind_url = if endpoint.is_empty() {
+            "local://gguf"
+        } else {
+            endpoint
+        };
+        let _ = keychain::set_bound_secret(account, bind_url, trimmed);
+        return Ok(trimmed.to_string());
+    }
+    Ok(existing.to_string())
+}
+
+fn read_json_map(path: &Path) -> Map<String, Value> {
+    fs::read_to_string(path)
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(|s| serde_json::from_str::<Map<String, Value>>(&s).ok())
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+fn write_json_map(path: &Path, map: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if let Some(parent) = path.parent() {
+        fs::create_dir_all(parent).map_err(|e| format!("创建配置目录失败: {e}"))?;
+    }
+    let bytes = serde_json::to_vec_pretty(map).map_err(|e| format!("序列化配置失败: {e}"))?;
+    fs::write(path, bytes).map_err(|e| format!("写入配置文件失败: {e}"))
+}
+
+fn load_ai_translation(map: &Map<String, Value>) -> AiTranslationConfig {
+    let mut cfg = AiTranslationConfig::default();
+    if let Some(enabled) = map.get("openai.enabled").and_then(Value::as_bool) {
+        cfg.enabled = enabled;
+    }
+    if let Some(backend) = map
+        .get("openai.backend")
+        .and_then(|v| serde_json::from_value::<AiBackendKind>(v.clone()).ok())
+    {
+        cfg.backend = backend;
+    }
+    if let Some(url) = map.get("openai.base_url").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        if let Ok(norm) = normalize_base_url(url) {
+            cfg.base_url = norm;
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(m) = map.get("openai.model").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        if !m.trim().is_empty() {
+            cfg.model = m.trim().to_string();
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(p) = map.get("openai.gguf_model_path").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        cfg.gguf_model_path = p.trim().to_string();
+    }
+    if let Some(p) = map.get("openai.gguf_tokenizer_path").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        cfg.gguf_tokenizer_path = p.trim().to_string();
+    }
+    if let Some(prompt) = map.get("openai.translate_prompt").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        if !prompt.trim().is_empty() {
+            cfg.translate_prompt = prompt.to_string();
+        }
+    }
+    if let Ok(Some(record)) = keychain::get_secret_record(ACCOUNT_OPENAI_KEY) {
+        cfg.api_key = record.value().to_string();
+        cfg.has_api_key = !cfg.api_key.is_empty();
+    }
+    cfg
+}
+
+fn load_chat_ai(map: &Map<String, Value>) -> ChatAiConfig {
+    let mut cfg = ChatAiConfig::default();
+    if let Some(backend) = map
+        .get("chat_ai.backend")
+        .and_then(|v| serde_json::from_value::<AiBackendKind>(v.clone()).ok())
+    {
+        cfg.backend = backend;
+    }
+    if let Some(url) = map.get("chat_ai.base_url").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        if let Ok(norm) = normalize_base_url(url) {
+            cfg.base_url = norm;
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(m) = map.get("chat_ai.model").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        if !m.trim().is_empty() {
+            cfg.model = m.trim().to_string();
+        }
+    }
+    if let Some(p) = map.get("chat_ai.gguf_model_path").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        cfg.gguf_model_path = p.trim().to_string();
+    }
+    if let Some(p) = map.get("chat_ai.gguf_tokenizer_path").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        cfg.gguf_tokenizer_path = p.trim().to_string();
+    }
+    if let Some(prompt) = map.get("chat_ai.chat_prompt").and_then(Value::as_str) {
+        cfg.chat_prompt = prompt.to_string();
+    }
+    if let Ok(Some(record)) = keychain::get_secret_record(ACCOUNT_CHAT_AI_KEY) {
+        cfg.api_key = record.value().to_string();
+        cfg.has_api_key = !cfg.api_key.is_empty();
+    }
+    cfg
+}
+
+fn load_shortcuts(map: &Map<String, Value>) -> ShortcutConfig {
+    let defaults = ShortcutConfig::default();
+    ShortcutConfig {
+        toggle: map
+            .get("shortcut.toggle")
+            .and_then(Value::as_str)
+            .unwrap_or(&defaults.toggle)
+            .to_string(),
+        ocr: map
+            .get("shortcut.ocr")
+            .and_then(Value::as_str)
+            .unwrap_or(&defaults.ocr)
+            .to_string(),
+        ai_dialog: map
+            .get("shortcut.ai_dialog")
+            .and_then(Value::as_str)
+            .unwrap_or(&defaults.ai_dialog)
+            .to_string(),
+        selection_translate: map
+            .get("shortcut.selection_translate")
+            .and_then(Value::as_str)
+            .unwrap_or(&defaults.selection_translate)
+            .to_string(),
+        selection_ai_dialog: map
+            .get("shortcut.selection_ai_dialog")
+            .and_then(Value::as_str)
+            .unwrap_or(&defaults.selection_ai_dialog)
+            .to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn load_appearance(map: &Map<String, Value>) -> AppearanceConfig {
+    let mut cfg = AppearanceConfig::default();
+    if let Some(v) = map.get("appearance.panel_opacity").and_then(Value::as_f64) {
+        cfg.panel_opacity = AppearanceConfig::clamp_opacity(v);
+    }
+    cfg
+}
+
+fn load_window_size(map: &Map<String, Value>) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+    let w = map.get("window.width").and_then(Value::as_f64)?;
+    let h = map.get("window.height").and_then(Value::as_f64)?;
+    if w < WINDOW_MIN_WIDTH || h < WINDOW_MIN_HEIGHT {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some((w, h))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn persists_and_reloads_settings_via_memory_cache() {
+        let tmp = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new().unwrap();
+        let store = SettingsStore::open_at(tmp.path().to_path_buf());
+
+        let mut cfg = store.ai_translation_for_request();
+        cfg.backend = AiBackendKind::Ollama;
+        cfg.base_url = "http://127.0.0.1:11434".to_string();
+        cfg.model = "qwen2.5:3b".to_string();
+        store.save_ai_translation(&cfg).unwrap();
+
+        let reloaded = SettingsStore::open_at(tmp.path().to_path_buf());
+        let loaded_cfg = reloaded.ai_translation_for_request();
+        assert_eq!(loaded_cfg.backend, AiBackendKind::Ollama);
+        assert_eq!(loaded_cfg.base_url, "http://127.0.0.1:11434");
+        assert_eq!(loaded_cfg.model, "qwen2.5:3b");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-translate/Cargo.toml b/crates/ttree-translate/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba38acd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-translate/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "ttree-translate"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+ttree-core = { path = "../ttree-core" }
+futures-util.workspace = true
+reqwest.workspace = true
+serde.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+tokio.workspace = true
+urlencoding.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/ttree-translate/src/auto.rs b/crates/ttree-translate/src/auto.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90a73af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-translate/src/auto.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+//! 免费网页翻译智能竞速路由（Hedged Request Racing + 延迟加权主备优选 + 并发分块）。
+//!
+//! 关键提速：
+//! 1. 根据最近一次响应延迟选出最快的服务作为 Primary，另一方作为 Secondary；
+//! 2. Primary 发出后若在 `HEDGE_DELAY (550ms)` 内未返回，立即并发启动 Secondary 竞速（谁先成功用谁）；
+//! 3. 长文本分块后支持并发请求，而非旧版的串行逐块阻塞等待。
+
+use std::sync::{Mutex, OnceLock};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use futures_util::future::join_all;
+
+use crate::{bing, google};
+
+const HEDGE_DELAY: Duration = Duration::from_millis(550);
+const BASE_COOLDOWN: Duration = Duration::from_secs(45);
+const MAX_COOLDOWN: Duration = Duration::from_secs(300);
+const CHUNK_UTF16_LIMIT: usize = 1_200;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum Provider {
+    Google,
+    Bing,
+}
+
+impl Provider {
+    fn index(self) -> usize {
+        match self {
+            Self::Google => 0,
+            Self::Bing => 1,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn other(self) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Self::Google => Self::Bing,
+            Self::Bing => Self::Google,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct ProviderStats {
+    ewma_ms: u64,
+    failures: u32,
+    retry_after: Option<Instant>,
+}
+
+impl Default for ProviderStats {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ewma_ms: 400,
+            failures: 0,
+            retry_after: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct RouterState {
+    stats: [ProviderStats; 2],
+}
+
+impl RouterState {
+    fn is_available(&self, p: Provider, now: Instant) -> bool {
+        self.stats[p.index()]
+            .retry_after
+            .is_none_or(|t| now >= t)
+    }
+
+    /// 优先返回当前可用且历史延迟更低的服务。
+    fn ordered_candidates(&self, now: Instant) -> Vec<Provider> {
+        let mut list: Vec<Provider> = [Provider::Google, Provider::Bing]
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter(|&p| self.is_available(p, now))
+            .collect();
+        if list.is_empty() {
+            // 若两个都在冷却期，允许全部重探
+            list.push(Provider::Bing);
+            list.push(Provider::Google);
+        } else if list.len() == 2 {
+            list.sort_by_key(|&p| self.stats[p.index()].ewma_ms);
+        }
+        list
+    }
+
+    fn record_success(&mut self, p: Provider, elapsed: Duration) {
+        let st = &mut self.stats[p.index()];
+        st.failures = 0;
+        st.retry_after = None;
+        let sample = elapsed.as_millis() as u64;
+        st.ewma_ms = (st.ewma_ms * 3 + sample) / 4;
+    }
+
+    fn record_failure(&mut self, p: Provider, now: Instant) {
+        let st = &mut self.stats[p.index()];
+        st.failures = st.failures.saturating_add(1);
+        let mult = 1 << st.failures.saturating_sub(1).min(3);
+        let cooldown = (BASE_COOLDOWN * mult).min(MAX_COOLDOWN);
+        st.retry_after = Some(now + cooldown);
+        st.ewma_ms = st.ewma_ms.saturating_add(1500);
+    }
+}
+
+static ROUTER: OnceLock<Mutex<RouterState>> = OnceLock::new();
+
+fn router() -> &'static Mutex<RouterState> {
+    ROUTER.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(RouterState::default()))
+}
+
+pub async fn translate(text: &str, source: &str, target: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let chunks = split_text(text);
+    if chunks.len() == 1 {
+        return translate_chunk_hedged(chunks[0].trim(), source, target).await;
+    }
+
+    // 多段长文本并发分块翻译，保留段间空白与换行
+    let futs = chunks.iter().map(|&chunk| async move {
+        let content = chunk.trim();
+        if content.is_empty() {
+            return Ok::<String, String>(chunk.to_string());
+        }
+        let translated = translate_chunk_hedged(content, source, target).await?;
+        let mut piece = String::new();
+        piece.push_str(&chunk[..chunk.len() - chunk.trim_start().len()]);
+        piece.push_str(translated.trim());
+        piece.push_str(&chunk[chunk.trim_end().len()..]);
+        Ok(piece)
+    });
+
+    let results = join_all(futs).await;
+    let mut output = String::new();
+    for res in results {
+        output.push_str(&res?);
+    }
+    Ok(output)
+}
+
+async fn translate_chunk_hedged(text: &str, source: &str, target: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let candidates = router()
+        .lock()
+        .map(|g| g.ordered_candidates(Instant::now()))
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| vec![Provider::Bing, Provider::Google]);
+
+    let primary = candidates[0];
+    let secondary = candidates.get(1).copied().unwrap_or_else(|| primary.other());
+
+    let primary_fut = call_provider(primary, text, source, target);
+    tokio::pin!(primary_fut);
+
+    // 先给主服务 HEDGE_DELAY (550ms) 单独响应窗口
+    tokio::select! {
+        res = &mut primary_fut => {
+            match res {
+                Ok(out) => return Ok(out),
+                Err(_) => {
+                    // 主服务立即报错，直接等待备用服务
+                    return call_provider(secondary, text, source, target).await;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        _ = tokio::time::sleep(HEDGE_DELAY) => {}
+    }
+
+    // 主服务超过 550ms 未返回：并发拉起备用服务竞速！
+    let secondary_fut = call_provider(secondary, text, source, target);
+    tokio::pin!(secondary_fut);
+
+    tokio::select! {
+        res1 = &mut primary_fut => {
+            match res1 {
+                Ok(out) => Ok(out),
+                Err(_) => secondary_fut.await,
+            }
+        }
+        res2 = &mut secondary_fut => {
+            match res2 {
+                Ok(out) => Ok(out),
+                Err(_) => primary_fut.await,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+async fn call_provider(
+    provider: Provider,
+    text: &str,
+    source: &str,
+    target: &str,
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let start = Instant::now();
+    let result = match provider {
+        Provider::Google => google::translate(text, source, target).await,
+        Provider::Bing => bing::translate(text, source, target).await,
+    };
+    if let Ok(mut guard) = router().lock() {
+        match &result {
+            Ok(_) => guard.record_success(provider, start.elapsed()),
+            Err(_) => guard.record_failure(provider, Instant::now()),
+        }
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+pub fn split_text(mut text: &str) -> Vec<&str> {
+    let mut chunks = Vec::new();
+    while !text.is_empty() {
+        let mut units = 0;
+        let mut end = text.len();
+        let mut boundary = None;
+        for (index, ch) in text.char_indices() {
+            units += ch.len_utf16();
+            if units > CHUNK_UTF16_LIMIT {
+                end = boundary.unwrap_or(index);
+                break;
+            }
+            if units >= CHUNK_UTF16_LIMIT / 2
+                && (ch.is_whitespace() || matches!(ch, '.' | '!' | '?' | '。' | '！' | '？'))
+            {
+                boundary = Some(index + ch.len_utf8());
+            }
+        }
+        let (chunk, remaining) = text.split_at(end);
+        chunks.push(chunk);
+        text = remaining;
+    }
+    chunks
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn router_prefers_lower_latency_healthy_provider() {
+        let mut state = RouterState::default();
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        state.record_success(Provider::Bing, Duration::from_millis(120));
+        state.record_success(Provider::Google, Duration::from_millis(900));
+        assert_eq!(state.ordered_candidates(now)[0], Provider::Bing);
+
+        state.record_failure(Provider::Bing, now);
+        assert_eq!(state.ordered_candidates(now), vec![Provider::Google]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn splits_long_text_without_losing_characters() {
+        let input = format!("{}\n{}", "测试文本 ".repeat(400), "hello world. ".repeat(300));
+        let chunks = split_text(&input);
+        assert!(chunks.len() > 1);
+        assert_eq!(chunks.concat(), input);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-translate/src/bing.rs b/crates/ttree-translate/src/bing.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..620e877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-translate/src/bing.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+//! 必应翻译 —— 带有内存级 `BingToken` 缓存（默认 45 分钟复用，失效自动刷新）。
+//!
+//! 关键提速：
+//! 旧版每次翻译都先请求并下载数 MB 的 `https://www.bing.com/translator` 网页解析 Token，
+//! 导致必应翻译耗时翻倍且分块时重复抓网页。新版将 Token 缓存在内存中，后续请求全部单跳直达。
+
+use std::sync::{Mutex, OnceLock};
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::{
+    read_error_body, read_limited_response, shared_client, MAX_BING_PAGE_BYTES,
+    MAX_TRANSLATION_RESPONSE_BYTES,
+};
+
+const TRANSLATOR_URL: &str = "https://www.bing.com/translator";
+const TRANSLATE_URL: &str = "https://www.bing.com/ttranslatev3";
+const REQUEST_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(8);
+const TOKEN_TTL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(45 * 60);
+const USER_AGENT: &str = "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 \
+     (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BingToken {
+    pub ig: String,
+    pub iid: String,
+    pub key: String,
+    pub token: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct CachedToken {
+    token: BingToken,
+    expires_at: Instant,
+}
+
+static TOKEN_CACHE: OnceLock<Mutex<Option<CachedToken>>> = OnceLock::new();
+
+fn get_cached_token(now: Instant) -> Option<BingToken> {
+    let cache = TOKEN_CACHE.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(None));
+    let mut guard = cache.lock().ok()?;
+    if let Some(entry) = guard.as_ref() {
+        if now < entry.expires_at {
+            return Some(entry.token.clone());
+        }
+    }
+    *guard = None;
+    None
+}
+
+fn store_cached_token(token: BingToken, now: Instant) {
+    let cache = TOKEN_CACHE.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(None));
+    if let Ok(mut guard) = cache.lock() {
+        *guard = Some(CachedToken {
+            token,
+            expires_at: now + TOKEN_TTL,
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+fn invalidate_cached_token() {
+    if let Some(cache) = TOKEN_CACHE.get() {
+        if let Ok(mut guard) = cache.lock() {
+            *guard = None;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn map_lang(code: &str) -> &str {
+    match code {
+        "auto" => "auto-detect",
+        "zh-CN" => "zh-Hans",
+        "zh-TW" => "zh-Hant",
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn translate(text: &str, source: &str, target: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let client = shared_client(REQUEST_TIMEOUT, true);
+
+    let (token, from_cache) = match get_cached_token(Instant::now()) {
+        Some(t) => (t, true),
+        None => {
+            let fresh = fetch_token(&client).await?;
+            store_cached_token(fresh.clone(), Instant::now());
+            (fresh, false)
+        }
+    };
+
+    match translate_with_token(&client, &token, text, source, target).await {
+        Ok(out) => Ok(out),
+        Err(_first_err) if from_cache => {
+            // 缓存令牌可能提前失效，立即淘汰并刷新重试一次
+            invalidate_cached_token();
+            let fresh = fetch_token(&client).await?;
+            store_cached_token(fresh.clone(), Instant::now());
+            translate_with_token(&client, &fresh, text, source, target).await
+        }
+        Err(err) => Err(err),
+    }
+}
+
+async fn translate_with_token(
+    client: &reqwest::Client,
+    token: &BingToken,
+    text: &str,
+    source: &str,
+    target: &str,
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let url = format!(
+        "{TRANSLATE_URL}?isVertical=1&IG={ig}&IID={iid}",
+        ig = urlencoding::encode(&token.ig),
+        iid = urlencoding::encode(&token.iid),
+    );
+
+    let resp = client
+        .post(&url)
+        .header("User-Agent", USER_AGENT)
+        .header("Referer", TRANSLATOR_URL)
+        .form(&[
+            ("fromLang", map_lang(source)),
+            ("to", map_lang(target)),
+            ("text", text),
+            ("token", &token.token),
+            ("key", &token.key),
+        ])
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| format!("必应翻译请求失败: {e}"))?;
+
+    if !resp.status().is_success() {
+        let status = resp.status();
+        let body = read_error_body(resp).await;
+        return Err(format!("必应翻译返回状态 {status}: {body}"));
+    }
+
+    let body =
+        read_limited_response(resp, MAX_TRANSLATION_RESPONSE_BYTES, "必应翻译响应").await?;
+    let body: Value =
+        serde_json::from_slice(&body).map_err(|e| format!("必应翻译响应解析失败: {e}"))?;
+
+    parse_response(&body)
+        .filter(|t| !t.trim().is_empty())
+        .ok_or_else(|| "必应翻译未返回译文".to_string())
+}
+
+async fn fetch_token(client: &reqwest::Client) -> Result<BingToken, String> {
+    let response = client
+        .get(TRANSLATOR_URL)
+        .header("User-Agent", USER_AGENT)
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| format!("必应翻译页请求失败: {e}"))?;
+    if !response.status().is_success() {
+        let status = response.status();
+        let body = read_error_body(response).await;
+        return Err(format!("必应翻译页返回状态 {status}: {body}"));
+    }
+    let html = read_limited_response(response, MAX_BING_PAGE_BYTES, "必应翻译页").await?;
+    let html = std::str::from_utf8(&html).map_err(|e| format!("必应翻译页不是 UTF-8: {e}"))?;
+
+    parse_token(html).ok_or_else(|| "必应翻译令牌解析失败（端点可能已变更）".to_string())
+}
+
+pub fn parse_token(html: &str) -> Option<BingToken> {
+    let ig = extract_between(html, "IG:\"", "\"")?;
+    let iid = format!(
+        "translator.{}",
+        extract_between(html, "data-iid=\"translator.", "\"")?
+    );
+
+    let assignment = html
+        .split_once("params_AbusePreventionHelper")?
+        .1
+        .trim_start();
+    let assignment = assignment.strip_prefix('=')?.trim_start();
+    let helper = assignment.strip_prefix('[')?.split_once(']')?.0;
+    let parts: Vec<Value> = serde_json::from_str(&format!("[{helper}]")).ok()?;
+    let key = parts.first()?.as_u64()?.to_string();
+    let token = parts.get(1)?.as_str()?.to_string();
+
+    if key.is_empty() || token.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(BingToken {
+        ig,
+        iid,
+        key,
+        token,
+    })
+}
+
+fn extract_between(haystack: &str, start: &str, end: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let begin = haystack.find(start)? + start.len();
+    let rest = &haystack[begin..];
+    let stop = rest.find(end)?;
+    Some(rest[..stop].to_string())
+}
+
+pub fn parse_response(body: &Value) -> Option<String> {
+    body.get(0)?
+        .get("translations")?
+        .get(0)?
+        .get("text")?
+        .as_str()
+        .map(|s| s.to_string())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_bing_html_token_and_caches_with_ttl() {
+        let html = r#"IG:"FF00"; <div data-iid="translator.5028"></div>
+            params_AbusePreventionHelper = [167060,"abcdef",3600000];"#;
+        let tok = parse_token(html).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(tok.ig, "FF00");
+        assert_eq!(tok.iid, "translator.5028");
+        assert_eq!(tok.token, "abcdef");
+
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        store_cached_token(tok.clone(), now);
+        assert_eq!(get_cached_token(now + Duration::from_secs(60)), Some(tok));
+        assert_eq!(get_cached_token(now + TOKEN_TTL + Duration::from_secs(1)), None);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-translate/src/google.rs b/crates/ttree-translate/src/google.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30a01f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-translate/src/google.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+//! 谷歌翻译 —— 改用 POST 表单请求避免长文本 URL 膨胀，并配合 1.8s 快速连接超时。
+
+use std::time::Duration;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use crate::{read_error_body, read_limited_response, shared_client, MAX_TRANSLATION_RESPONSE_BYTES};
+
+const ENDPOINT: &str = "https://translate.googleapis.com/translate_a/single";
+const REQUEST_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(8);
+
+pub async fn translate(text: &str, source: &str, target: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let url = format!(
+        "{ENDPOINT}?client=gtx&sl={sl}&tl={tl}&dt=t",
+        sl = urlencoding::encode(source),
+        tl = urlencoding::encode(target),
+    );
+
+    let resp = shared_client(REQUEST_TIMEOUT, false)
+        .post(&url)
+        .header("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0")
+        .form(&[("q", text)])
+        .send()
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| format!("谷歌翻译请求失败: {e}"))?;
+
+    if !resp.status().is_success() {
+        let status = resp.status();
+        let body = read_error_body(resp).await;
+        return Err(format!("谷歌翻译返回状态 {status}: {body}"));
+    }
+
+    let body =
+        read_limited_response(resp, MAX_TRANSLATION_RESPONSE_BYTES, "谷歌翻译响应").await?;
+    let body: Value =
+        serde_json::from_slice(&body).map_err(|e| format!("谷歌翻译响应解析失败: {e}"))?;
+
+    let out = parse_response(&body);
+    if out.trim().is_empty() {
+        return Err("谷歌翻译未返回有效译文".to_string());
+    }
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
+pub fn parse_response(body: &Value) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::new();
+    if let Some(segments) = body.get(0).and_then(|v| v.as_array()) {
+        for seg in segments {
+            if let Some(t) = seg.get(0).and_then(|v| v.as_str()) {
+                out.push_str(t);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn parses_multi_segment_google_response() {
+        let body = json!([[["你好", "hello"], ["世界", "world"]], null, "en"]);
+        assert_eq!(parse_response(&body), "你好世界");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/ttree-translate/src/lib.rs b/crates/ttree-translate/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f96ca55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/ttree-translate/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//! `ttree-translate` —— 极速网页翻译模块（Google POST + Bing 内存 Token 缓存 + Hedged 主备竞速路由）。
+
+pub mod auto;
+pub mod bing;
+pub mod google;
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::sync::{Mutex, OnceLock};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use futures_util::StreamExt;
+use reqwest::{Client, Response};
+use ttree_core::{validate_language_pair, CancelToken};
+
+pub const MAX_TRANSLATION_TEXT_BYTES: usize = 64 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_TRANSLATION_RESPONSE_BYTES: usize = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_BING_PAGE_BYTES: usize = 4 * 1024 * 1024;
+pub const MAX_ERROR_BODY_BYTES: usize = 16 * 1024;
+const CONNECT_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(1800);
+
+/// 共享连接池客户端：内置 1.8s 快速连接超时与 TCP Keepalive，彻底消除不可达节点卡死 15s 的问题。
+pub(crate) fn shared_client(timeout: Duration, cookie_store: bool) -> Client {
+    static CLIENTS: OnceLock<Mutex<HashMap<(Duration, bool), Client>>> = OnceLock::new();
+
+    let clients = CLIENTS.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(HashMap::new()));
+    let mut clients = clients.lock().expect("HTTP client cache lock poisoned");
+    clients
+        .entry((timeout, cookie_store))
+        .or_insert_with(|| {
+            Client::builder()
+                .connect_timeout(CONNECT_TIMEOUT)
+                .timeout(timeout)
+                .tcp_keepalive(Duration::from_secs(30))
+                .pool_idle_timeout(Duration::from_secs(90))
+                .cookie_store(cookie_store)
+                .redirect(reqwest::redirect::Policy::none())
+                .build()
+                .expect("failed to build reqwest client")
+        })
+        .clone()
+}
+
+pub fn validate_translation_text(text: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+    if text.len() > MAX_TRANSLATION_TEXT_BYTES {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "待翻译文本超出 {MAX_TRANSLATION_TEXT_BYTES} 字节上限"
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 顶层网页翻译入口（支持 `CancelToken` 即时中断与主备竞速）。
+pub async fn translate_web(
+    text: &str,
+    source: &str,
+    target: &str,
+    cancel: &CancelToken,
+) -> Result<String, String> {
+    let trimmed = text.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(String::new());
+    }
+    validate_translation_text(trimmed)?;
+    validate_language_pair(source, target)?;
+
+    tokio::select! {
+        biased;
+        _ = cancel.cancelled() => Err("翻译已取消".to_string()),
+        res = auto::translate(trimmed, source, target) => res,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn read_limited_response(
+    response: Response,
+    limit: usize,
+    label: &str,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    if response
+        .content_length()
+        .is_some_and(|length| length > limit as u64)
+    {
+        return Err(format!("{label}超出 {limit} 字节上限"));
+    }
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    let mut stream = response.bytes_stream();
+    while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
+        let chunk = chunk.map_err(|e| format!("读取{label}失败: {e}"))?;
+        if bytes.len().saturating_add(chunk.len()) > limit {
+            return Err(format!("{label}超出 {limit} 字节上限"));
+        }
+        bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+    }
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
+pub(crate) async fn read_error_body(response: Response) -> String {
+    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+    let mut truncated = false;
+    let mut stream = response.bytes_stream();
+    while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
+        match chunk {
+            Ok(chunk) => {
+                let remaining = MAX_ERROR_BODY_BYTES.saturating_sub(bytes.len());
+                if chunk.len() > remaining {
+                    bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk[..remaining]);
+                    truncated = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+                bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+            }
+            Err(e) => return format!("<读取错误响应失败: {e}>"),
+        }
+    }
+    let mut out = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes).into_owned();
+    if truncated {
+        out.push_str("…[truncated]");
+    }
+    out
+}
diff --git a/scripts/package-pure-rust-macos.sh b/scripts/package-pure-rust-macos.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..3814038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/package-pure-rust-macos.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+export PATH="/opt/homebrew/bin:/usr/local/bin:$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
+
+ROOT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)"
+APP_NAME="TTREE"
+BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER="com.samwstu.ttree"
+PINNED_SIGNING_IDENTITY="TTREE Open Source Code Signing"
+PINNED_CERT_SHA1="B8D254561BB6CAD78AA71FA18D62A32D10F50C08"
+VERSION="0.2.0"
+BUILD_NUMBER="${1:-1}"
+
+TARGET_DIR="${CARGO_TARGET_DIR:-$ROOT_DIR/target}"
+BUNDLE_DIR="$TARGET_DIR/release/bundle/macos"
+APP_PATH="$BUNDLE_DIR/$APP_NAME.app"
+CONTENTS_DIR="$APP_PATH/Contents"
+MACOS_BIN_DIR="$CONTENTS_DIR/MacOS"
+RESOURCES_DIR="$CONTENTS_DIR/Resources"
+
+echo "[1/4] Compiling 100% pure-Rust TTREE release binary..."
+cd "$ROOT_DIR"
+cargo build --release -p ttree-app
+
+echo "[2/4] Assembling macOS App Bundle at $APP_PATH..."
+rm -rf "$APP_PATH"
+mkdir -p "$MACOS_BIN_DIR" "$RESOURCES_DIR"
+
+cp "$TARGET_DIR/release/ttree" "$MACOS_BIN_DIR/ttree"
+chmod +x "$MACOS_BIN_DIR/ttree"
+
+if [[ -f "$ROOT_DIR/src-tauri/icons/icon.icns" ]]; then
+  cp "$ROOT_DIR/src-tauri/icons/icon.icns" "$RESOURCES_DIR/icon.icns"
+fi
+
+cat > "$CONTENTS_DIR/Info.plist" <<EOF
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+  <key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>
+  <string>zh_CN</string>
+  <key>CFBundleDisplayName</key>
+  <string>${APP_NAME}</string>
+  <key>CFBundleExecutable</key>
+  <string>ttree</string>
+  <key>CFBundleIconFile</key>
+  <string>icon.icns</string>
+  <key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>
+  <string>${BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER}</string>
+  <key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>
+  <string>6.0</string>
+  <key>CFBundleName</key>
+  <string>${APP_NAME}</string>
+  <key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
+  <string>APPL</string>
+  <key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
+  <string>${VERSION}</string>
+  <key>CFBundleVersion</key>
+  <string>${BUILD_NUMBER}</string>
+  <key>LSMinimumSystemVersion</key>
+  <string>11.0</string>
+  <key>LSUIElement</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>
+  <true/>
+  <key>NSScreenCaptureUsageDescription</key>
+  <string>TTREE 需要屏幕录制权限以完成自由框选截图 OCR 翻译。</string>
+</dict>
+</plist>
+EOF
+
+echo "[3/4] Signing $APP_NAME.app with pinned community certificate ($PINNED_CERT_SHA1)..."
+TEMP_KEYCHAIN=""
+cleanup() {
+  if [[ -n "$TEMP_KEYCHAIN" && -f "$TEMP_KEYCHAIN" ]]; then
+    security delete-keychain "$TEMP_KEYCHAIN" >/dev/null 2>&1 || rm -f "$TEMP_KEYCHAIN"
+  fi
+}
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+SIGNING_KEYCHAIN="${MACOS_COMMUNITY_SIGNING_KEYCHAIN:-}"
+if [[ -z "$SIGNING_KEYCHAIN" ]]; then
+  P12_PATH="$HOME/.config/ttree-code-signing/community-signing.p12"
+  if [[ -f "$P12_PATH" ]]; then
+    P12_PASS="$(security find-generic-password -s "com.samwstu.ttree" -a "community-code-signing-password" -w)"
+    TEMP_KEYCHAIN="$(mktemp -u /tmp/ttree-signing.XXXXXX).keychain-db"
+    KC_PASS="$(uuidgen)"
+    security create-keychain -p "$KC_PASS" "$TEMP_KEYCHAIN"
+    security set-keychain-settings -lut 300 "$TEMP_KEYCHAIN"
+    security unlock-keychain -p "$KC_PASS" "$TEMP_KEYCHAIN"
+    security import "$P12_PATH" -k "$TEMP_KEYCHAIN" -P "$P12_PASS" -T /usr/bin/codesign -T /usr/bin/security >/dev/null
+    security set-key-partition-list -S apple-tool:,apple:,codesign: -s -k "$KC_PASS" "$TEMP_KEYCHAIN" >/dev/null
+    SIGNING_KEYCHAIN="$TEMP_KEYCHAIN"
+  fi
+fi
+
+REQUIREMENT="=designated => identifier \"$BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER\" and certificate leaf = H\"$PINNED_CERT_SHA1\""
+CODESIGN_ARGS=(
+  --force
+  --options runtime
+  --timestamp=none
+  --sign "$PINNED_CERT_SHA1"
+  --identifier "$BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER"
+  --requirements "$REQUIREMENT"
+)
+if [[ -n "$SIGNING_KEYCHAIN" ]]; then
+  CODESIGN_ARGS+=(--keychain "$SIGNING_KEYCHAIN")
+fi
+
+/usr/bin/codesign "${CODESIGN_ARGS[@]}" "$APP_PATH"
+
+echo "[4/4] Verifying macOS community signature & TCC designated requirement..."
+"$ROOT_DIR/scripts/verify-macos-community-signature.sh" "$APP_PATH"
+
+printf '\nPure-Rust TTREE.app packaged and verified at: %s\n' "$APP_PATH"