Merge pull request #1609 from roboflow/feat/metrics-precision-recall

Feat/metrics precision recall

docs/metrics/common_values.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+comments: true
+status: new
+---
+
+# Common Values
+
+This page contains supplementary values, types and enums that metrics use.
+
+<div class="md-typeset">
+    <h2><a href="#supervision.metrics.core.MetricTarget">MetricTarget</a></h2>
+</div>
+
+:::supervision.metrics.core.MetricTarget
+
+<div class="md-typeset">
+    <h2><a href="#supervision.metrics.core.AveragingMethod">AveragingMethod</a></h2>
+</div>
+
+:::supervision.metrics.core.AveragingMethod

docs/metrics/precision.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+comments: true
+status: new
+---
+
+# Precision
+
+<div class="md-typeset">
+    <h2><a href="#supervision.metrics.precision.Precision">Precision</a></h2>
+</div>
+
+:::supervision.metrics.precision.Precision
+
+<div class="md-typeset">
+    <h2><a href="#supervision.metrics.precision.PrecisionResult">PrecisionResult</a></h2>
+</div>
+
+:::supervision.metrics.precision.PrecisionResult

docs/metrics/recall.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+comments: true
+status: new
+---
+
+# Recall
+
+<div class="md-typeset">
+    <h2><a href="#supervision.metrics.recall.Recall">Recall</a></h2>
+</div>
+
+:::supervision.metrics.recall.Recall
+
+<div class="md-typeset">
+    <h2><a href="#supervision.metrics.recall.RecallResult">RecallResult</a></h2>
+</div>
+
+:::supervision.metrics.recall.RecallResult

mkdocs.yml

@@ -66,7 +66,10 @@ nav:
           - Utils: datasets/utils.md
       - Metrics:
           - mAP: metrics/mean_average_precision.md
+          - Precision: metrics/precision.md
+          - Recall: metrics/recall.md
           - F1 Score: metrics/f1_score.md
+          - Common Values: metrics/common_values.md
           - Legacy Metrics: detection/metrics.md
       - Utils:
           - Video: utils/video.md

supervision/metrics/__init__.py

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ from supervision.metrics.mean_average_precision import (
     MeanAveragePrecision,
     MeanAveragePrecisionResult,
 )
+from supervision.metrics.precision import Precision, PrecisionResult
+from supervision.metrics.recall import Recall, RecallResult
 from supervision.metrics.utils.object_size import (
     ObjectSizeCategory,
     get_detection_size_category,

supervision/metrics/core.py

@@ -37,9 +37,10 @@ class MetricTarget(Enum):
     """
     Specifies what type of detection is used to compute the metric.
 
-    * BOXES: xyxy bounding boxes
-    * MASKS: Binary masks
-    * ORIENTED_BOUNDING_BOXES: Oriented bounding boxes (OBB)
+    Attributes:
+        BOXES: xyxy bounding boxes
+        MASKS: Binary masks
+        ORIENTED_BOUNDING_BOXES: Oriented bounding boxes (OBB)
     """
 
     BOXES = "boxes"
@@ -54,15 +55,16 @@ class AveragingMethod(Enum):
     Suppose, before returning the final result, a metric is computed for each class.
     How do you combine those to get the final number?
 
-    * MACRO: Calculate the metric for each class and average the results. The simplest
-        averaging method, but it does not take class imbalance into account.
-    * MICRO: Calculate the metric globally by counting the total true positives, false
-        positives, and false negatives. Micro averaging is useful when you want to give
-        more importance to classes with more samples. It's also more appropriate if you
-        have an imbalance in the number of instances per class.
-    * WEIGHTED: Calculate the metric for each class and average the results, weighted by
-        the number of true instances of each class. Use weighted averaging if you want
-        to take class imbalance into account.
+    Attributes:
+        MACRO: Calculate the metric for each class and average the results. The simplest
+            averaging method, but it does not take class imbalance into account.
+        MICRO: Calculate the metric globally by counting the total true positives, false
+            positives, and false negatives. Micro averaging is useful when you want to
+            give more importance to classes with more samples. It's also more
+            appropriate if you have an imbalance in the number of instances per class.
+        WEIGHTED: Calculate the metric for each class and average the results, weighted
+            by the number of true instances of each class. Use weighted averaging if
+            you want to take class imbalance into account.
     """
 
     MACRO = "macro"

supervision/metrics/f1_score.py

@@ -23,11 +23,45 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 
 class F1Score(Metric):
+    """
+    F1 Score is a metric used to evaluate object detection models. It is the harmonic
+    mean of precision and recall, calculated at different IoU thresholds.
+
+    In simple terms, F1 Score is a measure of a model's balance between precision and
+    recall (accuracy and completeness), calculated as:
+
+    `F1 = 2 * (precision * recall) / (precision + recall)`
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        import supervision as sv
+        from supervision.metrics import F1Score
+
+        predictions = sv.Detections(...)
+        targets = sv.Detections(...)
+
+        f1_metric = F1Score()
+        f1_result = f1_metric.update(predictions, targets).compute()
+
+        print(f1_result)
+        print(f1_result.f1_50)
+        print(f1_result.small_objects.f1_50)
+        ```
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         metric_target: MetricTarget = MetricTarget.BOXES,
         averaging_method: AveragingMethod = AveragingMethod.WEIGHTED,
     ):
+        """
+        Initialize the F1Score metric.
+
+        Args:
+            metric_target (MetricTarget): The type of detection data to use.
+            averaging_method (AveragingMethod): The averaging method used to compute the
+                F1 scores. Determines how the F1 scores are aggregated across classes.
+        """
         self._metric_target = metric_target
         if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.ORIENTED_BOUNDING_BOXES:
             raise NotImplementedError(
@@ -40,6 +74,9 @@ class F1Score(Metric):
         self._targets_list: List[Detections] = []
 
     def reset(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Reset the metric to its initial state, clearing all stored data.
+        """
         self._predictions_list = []
         self._targets_list = []
 
@@ -48,6 +85,16 @@ class F1Score(Metric):
         predictions: Union[Detections, List[Detections]],
         targets: Union[Detections, List[Detections]],
     ) -> F1Score:
+        """
+        Add new predictions and targets to the metric, but do not compute the result.
+
+        Args:
+            predictions (Union[Detections, List[Detections]]): The predicted detections.
+            targets (Union[Detections, List[Detections]]): The target detections.
+
+        Returns:
+            (F1Score): The updated metric instance.
+        """
         if not isinstance(predictions, list):
             predictions = [predictions]
         if not isinstance(targets, list):
@@ -65,6 +112,13 @@ class F1Score(Metric):
         return self
 
     def compute(self) -> F1ScoreResult:
+        """
+        Calculate the F1 score metric based on the stored predictions and ground-truth
+        data, at different IoU thresholds.
+
+        Returns:
+            (F1ScoreResult): The F1 score metric result.
+        """
         result = self._compute(self._predictions_list, self._targets_list)
 
         small_predictions, small_targets = self._filter_predictions_and_targets_by_size(
@@ -373,7 +427,6 @@ class F1ScoreResult:
     The results of the F1 score metric calculation.
 
     Defaults to `0` if no detections or targets were provided.
-    Provides a custom `__str__` method for pretty printing.
 
     Attributes:
         metric_target (MetricTarget): the type of data used for the metric -

supervision/metrics/mean_average_precision.py

@@ -23,6 +23,27 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 
 class MeanAveragePrecision(Metric):
+    """
+    Mean Average Precision (mAP) is a metric used to evaluate object detection models.
+    It is the average of the precision-recall curves at different IoU thresholds.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        import supervision as sv
+        from supervision.metrics import MeanAveragePrecision
+
+        predictions = sv.Detections(...)
+        targets = sv.Detections(...)
+
+        map_metric = MeanAveragePrecision()
+        map_result = map_metric.update(predictions, targets).compute()
+
+        print(map_result)
+        print(map_result.map50_95)
+        map_result.plot()
+        ```
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         metric_target: MetricTarget = MetricTarget.BOXES,
@@ -47,6 +68,9 @@ class MeanAveragePrecision(Metric):
         self._targets_list: List[Detections] = []
 
     def reset(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Reset the metric to its initial state, clearing all stored data.
+        """
         self._predictions_list = []
         self._targets_list = []
 
@@ -95,26 +119,10 @@ class MeanAveragePrecision(Metric):
     ) -> MeanAveragePrecisionResult:
         """
         Calculate Mean Average Precision based on predicted and ground-truth
-            detections at different thresholds.
+        detections at different thresholds.
 
         Returns:
-            (MeanAveragePrecisionResult): New instance of MeanAveragePrecision.
-
-        Example:
-            ```python
-            import supervision as sv
-            from supervision.metrics import MeanAveragePrecision
-
-            predictions = sv.Detections(...)
-            targets = sv.Detections(...)
-
-            map_metric = MeanAveragePrecision()
-            map_result = map_metric.update(predictions, targets).compute()
-
-            print(map_result)
-            print(map_result.map50_95)
-            map_result.plot()
-            ```
+            (MeanAveragePrecisionResult): The Mean Average Precision result.
         """
         result = self._compute(self._predictions_list, self._targets_list)
 

supervision/metrics/precision.py

@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from copy import deepcopy
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import numpy as np
+from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
+
+from supervision.config import ORIENTED_BOX_COORDINATES
+from supervision.detection.core import Detections
+from supervision.detection.utils import box_iou_batch, mask_iou_batch
+from supervision.draw.color import LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE
+from supervision.metrics.core import AveragingMethod, Metric, MetricTarget
+from supervision.metrics.utils.object_size import (
+    ObjectSizeCategory,
+    get_detection_size_category,
+)
+from supervision.metrics.utils.utils import ensure_pandas_installed
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pandas as pd
+
+
+class Precision(Metric):
+    """
+    Precision is a metric used to evaluate object detection models. It is the ratio of
+    true positive detections to the total number of predicted detections. We calculate
+    it at different IoU thresholds.
+
+    In simple terms, Precision is a measure of a model's accuracy, calculated as:
+
+    `Precision = TP / (TP + FP)`
+
+    Here, `TP` is the number of true positives (correct detections), and `FP` is the
+    number of false positive detections (detected, but incorrectly).
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        import supervision as sv
+        from supervision.metrics import Precision
+
+        predictions = sv.Detections(...)
+        targets = sv.Detections(...)
+
+        precision_metric = Precision()
+        precision_result = precision_metric.update(predictions, targets).compute()
+
+        print(precision_result)
+        print(precision_result.precision_at_50)
+        print(precision_result.small_objects.precision_at_50)
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        metric_target: MetricTarget = MetricTarget.BOXES,
+        averaging_method: AveragingMethod = AveragingMethod.WEIGHTED,
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialize the Precision metric.
+
+        Args:
+            metric_target (MetricTarget): The type of detection data to use.
+            averaging_method (AveragingMethod): The averaging method used to compute the
+                precision. Determines how the precision is aggregated across classes.
+        """
+        self._metric_target = metric_target
+        if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.ORIENTED_BOUNDING_BOXES:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Precision is not implemented for oriented bounding boxes."
+            )
+
+        self._metric_target = metric_target
+        self.averaging_method = averaging_method
+        self._predictions_list: List[Detections] = []
+        self._targets_list: List[Detections] = []
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Reset the metric to its initial state, clearing all stored data.
+        """
+        self._predictions_list = []
+        self._targets_list = []
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        predictions: Union[Detections, List[Detections]],
+        targets: Union[Detections, List[Detections]],
+    ) -> Precision:
+        """
+        Add new predictions and targets to the metric, but do not compute the result.
+
+        Args:
+            predictions (Union[Detections, List[Detections]]): The predicted detections.
+            targets (Union[Detections, List[Detections]]): The target detections.
+
+        Returns:
+            (Precision): The updated metric instance.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(predictions, list):
+            predictions = [predictions]
+        if not isinstance(targets, list):
+            targets = [targets]
+
+        if len(predictions) != len(targets):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The number of predictions ({len(predictions)}) and"
+                f" targets ({len(targets)}) during the update must be the same."
+            )
+
+        self._predictions_list.extend(predictions)
+        self._targets_list.extend(targets)
+
+        return self
+
+    def compute(self) -> PrecisionResult:
+        """
+        Calculate the precision metric based on the stored predictions and ground-truth
+        data, at different IoU thresholds.
+
+        Returns:
+            (PrecisionResult): The precision metric result.
+        """
+        result = self._compute(self._predictions_list, self._targets_list)
+
+        small_predictions, small_targets = self._filter_predictions_and_targets_by_size(
+            self._predictions_list, self._targets_list, ObjectSizeCategory.SMALL
+        )
+        result.small_objects = self._compute(small_predictions, small_targets)
+
+        medium_predictions, medium_targets = (
+            self._filter_predictions_and_targets_by_size(
+                self._predictions_list, self._targets_list, ObjectSizeCategory.MEDIUM
+            )
+        )
+        result.medium_objects = self._compute(medium_predictions, medium_targets)
+
+        large_predictions, large_targets = self._filter_predictions_and_targets_by_size(
+            self._predictions_list, self._targets_list, ObjectSizeCategory.LARGE
+        )
+        result.large_objects = self._compute(large_predictions, large_targets)
+
+        return result
+
+    def _compute(
+        self, predictions_list: List[Detections], targets_list: List[Detections]
+    ) -> PrecisionResult:
+        iou_thresholds = np.linspace(0.5, 0.95, 10)
+        stats = []
+
+        for predictions, targets in zip(predictions_list, targets_list):
+            prediction_contents = self._detections_content(predictions)
+            target_contents = self._detections_content(targets)
+
+            if len(targets) > 0:
+                if len(predictions) == 0:
+                    stats.append(
+                        (
+                            np.zeros((0, iou_thresholds.size), dtype=bool),
+                            np.zeros((0,), dtype=np.float32),
+                            np.zeros((0,), dtype=int),
+                            targets.class_id,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                else:
+                    if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.BOXES:
+                        iou = box_iou_batch(target_contents, prediction_contents)
+                    elif self._metric_target == MetricTarget.MASKS:
+                        iou = mask_iou_batch(target_contents, prediction_contents)
+                    else:
+                        raise NotImplementedError(
+                            "Unsupported metric target for IoU calculation"
+                        )
+
+                    matches = self._match_detection_batch(
+                        predictions.class_id, targets.class_id, iou, iou_thresholds
+                    )
+                    stats.append(
+                        (
+                            matches,
+                            predictions.confidence,
+                            predictions.class_id,
+                            targets.class_id,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+        if not stats:
+            return PrecisionResult(
+                metric_target=self._metric_target,
+                averaging_method=self.averaging_method,
+                precision_scores=np.zeros(iou_thresholds.shape[0]),
+                precision_per_class=np.zeros((0, iou_thresholds.shape[0])),
+                iou_thresholds=iou_thresholds,
+                matched_classes=np.array([], dtype=int),
+                small_objects=None,
+                medium_objects=None,
+                large_objects=None,
+            )
+
+        concatenated_stats = [np.concatenate(items, 0) for items in zip(*stats)]
+        precision_scores, precision_per_class, unique_classes = (
+            self._compute_precision_for_classes(*concatenated_stats)
+        )
+
+        return PrecisionResult(
+            metric_target=self._metric_target,
+            averaging_method=self.averaging_method,
+            precision_scores=precision_scores,
+            precision_per_class=precision_per_class,
+            iou_thresholds=iou_thresholds,
+            matched_classes=unique_classes,
+            small_objects=None,
+            medium_objects=None,
+            large_objects=None,
+        )
+
+    def _compute_precision_for_classes(
+        self,
+        matches: np.ndarray,
+        prediction_confidence: np.ndarray,
+        prediction_class_ids: np.ndarray,
+        true_class_ids: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+        sorted_indices = np.argsort(-prediction_confidence)
+        matches = matches[sorted_indices]
+        prediction_class_ids = prediction_class_ids[sorted_indices]
+        unique_classes, class_counts = np.unique(true_class_ids, return_counts=True)
+
+        # Shape: PxTh,P,C,C -> CxThx3
+        confusion_matrix = self._compute_confusion_matrix(
+            matches, prediction_class_ids, unique_classes, class_counts
+        )
+
+        # Shape: CxThx3 -> CxTh
+        precision_per_class = self._compute_precision(confusion_matrix)
+
+        # Shape: CxTh -> Th
+        if self.averaging_method == AveragingMethod.MACRO:
+            precision_scores = np.mean(precision_per_class, axis=0)
+        elif self.averaging_method == AveragingMethod.MICRO:
+            confusion_matrix_merged = confusion_matrix.sum(0)
+            precision_scores = self._compute_precision(confusion_matrix_merged)
+        elif self.averaging_method == AveragingMethod.WEIGHTED:
+            class_counts = class_counts.astype(np.float32)
+            precision_scores = np.average(
+                precision_per_class, axis=0, weights=class_counts
+            )
+
+        return precision_scores, precision_per_class, unique_classes
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _match_detection_batch(
+        predictions_classes: np.ndarray,
+        target_classes: np.ndarray,
+        iou: np.ndarray,
+        iou_thresholds: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> np.ndarray:
+        num_predictions, num_iou_levels = (
+            predictions_classes.shape[0],
+            iou_thresholds.shape[0],
+        )
+        correct = np.zeros((num_predictions, num_iou_levels), dtype=bool)
+        correct_class = target_classes[:, None] == predictions_classes
+
+        for i, iou_level in enumerate(iou_thresholds):
+            matched_indices = np.where((iou >= iou_level) & correct_class)
+
+            if matched_indices[0].shape[0]:
+                combined_indices = np.stack(matched_indices, axis=1)
+                iou_values = iou[matched_indices][:, None]
+                matches = np.hstack([combined_indices, iou_values])
+
+                if matched_indices[0].shape[0] > 1:
+                    matches = matches[matches[:, 2].argsort()[::-1]]
+                    matches = matches[np.unique(matches[:, 1], return_index=True)[1]]
+                    matches = matches[np.unique(matches[:, 0], return_index=True)[1]]
+
+                correct[matches[:, 1].astype(int), i] = True
+
+        return correct
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _compute_confusion_matrix(
+        sorted_matches: np.ndarray,
+        sorted_prediction_class_ids: np.ndarray,
+        unique_classes: np.ndarray,
+        class_counts: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Compute the confusion matrix for each class and IoU threshold.
+
+        Assumes the matches and prediction_class_ids are sorted by confidence
+        in descending order.
+
+        Arguments:
+            sorted_matches: np.ndarray, bool, shape (P, Th), that is True
+                if the prediction is a true positive at the given IoU threshold.
+            sorted_prediction_class_ids: np.ndarray, int, shape (P,), containing
+                the class id for each prediction.
+            unique_classes: np.ndarray, int, shape (C,), containing the unique
+                class ids.
+            class_counts: np.ndarray, int, shape (C,), containing the number
+                of true instances for each class.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.ndarray, shape (C, Th, 3), containing the true positives, false
+                positives, and false negatives for each class and IoU threshold.
+        """
+
+        num_thresholds = sorted_matches.shape[1]
+        num_classes = unique_classes.shape[0]
+
+        confusion_matrix = np.zeros((num_classes, num_thresholds, 3))
+        for class_idx, class_id in enumerate(unique_classes):
+            is_class = sorted_prediction_class_ids == class_id
+            num_true = class_counts[class_idx]
+            num_predictions = is_class.sum()
+
+            if num_predictions == 0:
+                true_positives = np.zeros(num_thresholds)
+                false_positives = np.zeros(num_thresholds)
+                false_negatives = np.full(num_thresholds, num_true)
+            elif num_true == 0:
+                true_positives = np.zeros(num_thresholds)
+                false_positives = np.full(num_thresholds, num_predictions)
+                false_negatives = np.zeros(num_thresholds)
+            else:
+                true_positives = sorted_matches[is_class].sum(0)
+                false_positives = (1 - sorted_matches[is_class]).sum(0)
+                false_negatives = num_true - true_positives
+            confusion_matrix[class_idx] = np.stack(
+                [true_positives, false_positives, false_negatives], axis=1
+            )
+
+        return confusion_matrix
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _compute_precision(confusion_matrix: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Broadcastable function, computing the precision from the confusion matrix.
+
+        Arguments:
+            confusion_matrix: np.ndarray, shape (N, ..., 3), where the last dimension
+                contains the true positives, false positives, and false negatives.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.ndarray, shape (N, ...), containing the precision for each element.
+        """
+        if not confusion_matrix.shape[-1] == 3:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Confusion matrix must have shape (..., 3), got "
+                f"{confusion_matrix.shape}"
+            )
+        true_positives = confusion_matrix[..., 0]
+        false_positives = confusion_matrix[..., 1]
+
+        denominator = true_positives + false_positives
+        precision = np.where(denominator == 0, 0, true_positives / denominator)
+
+        return precision
+
+    def _detections_content(self, detections: Detections) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Return boxes, masks or oriented bounding boxes from detections."""
+        if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.BOXES:
+            return detections.xyxy
+        if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.MASKS:
+            return (
+                detections.mask
+                if detections.mask is not None
+                else np.empty((0, 0, 0), dtype=bool)
+            )
+        if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.ORIENTED_BOUNDING_BOXES:
+            if obb := detections.data.get(ORIENTED_BOX_COORDINATES):
+                return np.ndarray(obb, dtype=np.float32)
+            return np.empty((0, 8), dtype=np.float32)
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid metric target: {self._metric_target}")
+
+    def _filter_detections_by_size(
+        self, detections: Detections, size_category: ObjectSizeCategory
+    ) -> Detections:
+        """Return a copy of detections with contents filtered by object size."""
+        new_detections = deepcopy(detections)
+        if detections.is_empty() or size_category == ObjectSizeCategory.ANY:
+            return new_detections
+
+        sizes = get_detection_size_category(new_detections, self._metric_target)
+        size_mask = sizes == size_category.value
+
+        new_detections.xyxy = new_detections.xyxy[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.mask is not None:
+            new_detections.mask = new_detections.mask[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.class_id is not None:
+            new_detections.class_id = new_detections.class_id[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.confidence is not None:
+            new_detections.confidence = new_detections.confidence[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.tracker_id is not None:
+            new_detections.tracker_id = new_detections.tracker_id[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.data is not None:
+            for key, value in new_detections.data.items():
+                new_detections.data[key] = np.array(value)[size_mask]
+
+        return new_detections
+
+    def _filter_predictions_and_targets_by_size(
+        self,
+        predictions_list: List[Detections],
+        targets_list: List[Detections],
+        size_category: ObjectSizeCategory,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[Detections], List[Detections]]:
+        """
+        Filter predictions and targets by object size category.
+        """
+        new_predictions_list = []
+        new_targets_list = []
+        for predictions, targets in zip(predictions_list, targets_list):
+            new_predictions_list.append(
+                self._filter_detections_by_size(predictions, size_category)
+            )
+            new_targets_list.append(
+                self._filter_detections_by_size(targets, size_category)
+            )
+        return new_predictions_list, new_targets_list
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PrecisionResult:
+    """
+    The results of the precision metric calculation.
+
+    Defaults to `0` if no detections or targets were provided.
+
+    Attributes:
+        metric_target (MetricTarget): the type of data used for the metric -
+            boxes, masks or oriented bounding boxes.
+        averaging_method (AveragingMethod): the averaging method used to compute the
+            precision. Determines how the precision is aggregated across classes.
+        precision_at_50 (float): the precision at IoU threshold of `0.5`.
+        precision_at_75 (float): the precision at IoU threshold of `0.75`.
+        precision_scores (np.ndarray): the precision scores at each IoU threshold.
+            Shape: `(num_iou_thresholds,)`
+        precision_per_class (np.ndarray): the precision scores per class and
+            IoU threshold. Shape: `(num_target_classes, num_iou_thresholds)`
+        iou_thresholds (np.ndarray): the IoU thresholds used in the calculations.
+        matched_classes (np.ndarray): the class IDs of all matched classes.
+            Corresponds to the rows of `precision_per_class`.
+        small_objects (Optional[PrecisionResult]): the Precision metric results
+            for small objects.
+        medium_objects (Optional[PrecisionResult]): the Precision metric results
+            for medium objects.
+        large_objects (Optional[PrecisionResult]): the Precision metric results
+            for large objects.
+    """
+
+    metric_target: MetricTarget
+    averaging_method: AveragingMethod
+
+    @property
+    def precision_at_50(self) -> float:
+        return self.precision_scores[0]
+
+    @property
+    def precision_at_75(self) -> float:
+        return self.precision_scores[5]
+
+    precision_scores: np.ndarray
+    precision_per_class: np.ndarray
+    iou_thresholds: np.ndarray
+    matched_classes: np.ndarray
+
+    small_objects: Optional[PrecisionResult]
+    medium_objects: Optional[PrecisionResult]
+    large_objects: Optional[PrecisionResult]
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Format as a pretty string.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            print(precision_result)
+            ```
+        """
+        out_str = (
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__}:\n"
+            f"Metric target:    {self.metric_target}\n"
+            f"Averaging method: {self.averaging_method}\n"
+            f"P @ 50:     {self.precision_at_50:.4f}\n"
+            f"P @ 75:     {self.precision_at_75:.4f}\n"
+            f"P @ thresh: {self.precision_scores}\n"
+            f"IoU thresh: {self.iou_thresholds}\n"
+            f"Precision per class:\n"
+        )
+        if self.precision_per_class.size == 0:
+            out_str += "  No results\n"
+        for class_id, precision_of_class in zip(
+            self.matched_classes, self.precision_per_class
+        ):
+            out_str += f"  {class_id}: {precision_of_class}\n"
+
+        indent = "  "
+        if self.small_objects is not None:
+            indented = indent + str(self.small_objects).replace("\n", f"\n{indent}")
+            out_str += f"\nSmall objects:\n{indented}"
+        if self.medium_objects is not None:
+            indented = indent + str(self.medium_objects).replace("\n", f"\n{indent}")
+            out_str += f"\nMedium objects:\n{indented}"
+        if self.large_objects is not None:
+            indented = indent + str(self.large_objects).replace("\n", f"\n{indent}")
+            out_str += f"\nLarge objects:\n{indented}"
+
+        return out_str
+
+    def to_pandas(self) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+        """
+        Convert the result to a pandas DataFrame.
+
+        Returns:
+            (pd.DataFrame): The result as a DataFrame.
+        """
+        ensure_pandas_installed()
+        import pandas as pd
+
+        pandas_data = {
+            "P@50": self.precision_at_50,
+            "P@75": self.precision_at_75,
+        }
+
+        if self.small_objects is not None:
+            small_objects_df = self.small_objects.to_pandas()
+            for key, value in small_objects_df.items():
+                pandas_data[f"small_objects_{key}"] = value
+        if self.medium_objects is not None:
+            medium_objects_df = self.medium_objects.to_pandas()
+            for key, value in medium_objects_df.items():
+                pandas_data[f"medium_objects_{key}"] = value
+        if self.large_objects is not None:
+            large_objects_df = self.large_objects.to_pandas()
+            for key, value in large_objects_df.items():
+                pandas_data[f"large_objects_{key}"] = value
+
+        return pd.DataFrame(pandas_data, index=[0])
+
+    def plot(self):
+        """
+        Plot the precision results.
+        """
+
+        labels = ["Precision@50", "Precision@75"]
+        values = [self.precision_at_50, self.precision_at_75]
+        colors = [LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE[0]] * 2
+
+        if self.small_objects is not None:
+            small_objects = self.small_objects
+            labels += ["Small: P@50", "Small: P@75"]
+            values += [small_objects.precision_at_50, small_objects.precision_at_75]
+            colors += [LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE[3]] * 2
+
+        if self.medium_objects is not None:
+            medium_objects = self.medium_objects
+            labels += ["Medium: P@50", "Medium: P@75"]
+            values += [medium_objects.precision_at_50, medium_objects.precision_at_75]
+            colors += [LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE[2]] * 2
+
+        if self.large_objects is not None:
+            large_objects = self.large_objects
+            labels += ["Large: P@50", "Large: P@75"]
+            values += [large_objects.precision_at_50, large_objects.precision_at_75]
+            colors += [LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE[4]] * 2
+
+        plt.rcParams["font.family"] = "monospace"
+
+        _, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 6))
+        ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
+        ax.set_ylabel("Value", fontweight="bold")
+        title = (
+            f"Precision, by Object Size"
+            f"\n(target: {self.metric_target.value},"
+            f" averaging: {self.averaging_method.value})"
+        )
+        ax.set_title(title, fontweight="bold")
+
+        x_positions = range(len(labels))
+        bars = ax.bar(x_positions, values, color=colors, align="center")
+
+        ax.set_xticks(x_positions)
+        ax.set_xticklabels(labels, rotation=45, ha="right")
+
+        for bar in bars:
+            y_value = bar.get_height()
+            ax.text(
+                bar.get_x() + bar.get_width() / 2,
+                y_value + 0.02,
+                f"{y_value:.2f}",
+                ha="center",
+                va="bottom",
+            )
+
+        plt.rcParams["font.family"] = "sans-serif"
+
+        plt.tight_layout()
+        plt.show()

supervision/metrics/recall.py

@@ -0,0 +1,601 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from copy import deepcopy
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import numpy as np
+from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
+
+from supervision.config import ORIENTED_BOX_COORDINATES
+from supervision.detection.core import Detections
+from supervision.detection.utils import box_iou_batch, mask_iou_batch
+from supervision.draw.color import LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE
+from supervision.metrics.core import AveragingMethod, Metric, MetricTarget
+from supervision.metrics.utils.object_size import (
+    ObjectSizeCategory,
+    get_detection_size_category,
+)
+from supervision.metrics.utils.utils import ensure_pandas_installed
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pandas as pd
+
+
+class Recall(Metric):
+    """
+    Recall is a metric used to evaluate object detection models. It is the ratio of
+    true positive detections to the total number of ground truth instances. We calculate
+    it at different IoU thresholds.
+
+    In simple terms, Recall is a measure of a model's completeness, calculated as:
+
+    `Recall = TP / (TP + FN)`
+
+    Here, `TP` is the number of true positives (correct detections), and `FN` is the
+    number of false negatives (missed detections).
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        import supervision as sv
+        from supervision.metrics import Recall
+
+        predictions = sv.Detections(...)
+        targets = sv.Detections(...)
+
+        recall_metric = Recall()
+        recall_result = recall_metric.update(predictions, targets).compute()
+
+        print(recall_result)
+        print(recall_result.recall_at_50)
+        print(recall_result.small_objects.recall_at_50)
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        metric_target: MetricTarget = MetricTarget.BOXES,
+        averaging_method: AveragingMethod = AveragingMethod.WEIGHTED,
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialize the Recall metric.
+
+        Args:
+            metric_target (MetricTarget): The type of detection data to use.
+            averaging_method (AveragingMethod): The averaging method used to compute the
+                recall. Determines how the recall is aggregated across classes.
+        """
+        self._metric_target = metric_target
+        if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.ORIENTED_BOUNDING_BOXES:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Recall is not implemented for oriented bounding boxes."
+            )
+
+        self._metric_target = metric_target
+        self.averaging_method = averaging_method
+        self._predictions_list: List[Detections] = []
+        self._targets_list: List[Detections] = []
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Reset the metric to its initial state, clearing all stored data.
+        """
+        self._predictions_list = []
+        self._targets_list = []
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        predictions: Union[Detections, List[Detections]],
+        targets: Union[Detections, List[Detections]],
+    ) -> Recall:
+        """
+        Add new predictions and targets to the metric, but do not compute the result.
+
+        Args:
+            predictions (Union[Detections, List[Detections]]): The predicted detections.
+            targets (Union[Detections, List[Detections]]): The target detections.
+
+        Returns:
+            (Recall): The updated metric instance.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(predictions, list):
+            predictions = [predictions]
+        if not isinstance(targets, list):
+            targets = [targets]
+
+        if len(predictions) != len(targets):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The number of predictions ({len(predictions)}) and"
+                f" targets ({len(targets)}) during the update must be the same."
+            )
+
+        self._predictions_list.extend(predictions)
+        self._targets_list.extend(targets)
+
+        return self
+
+    def compute(self) -> RecallResult:
+        """
+        Calculate the precision metric based on the stored predictions and ground-truth
+        data, at different IoU thresholds.
+
+        Returns:
+            (RecallResult): The precision metric result.
+        """
+        result = self._compute(self._predictions_list, self._targets_list)
+
+        small_predictions, small_targets = self._filter_predictions_and_targets_by_size(
+            self._predictions_list, self._targets_list, ObjectSizeCategory.SMALL
+        )
+        result.small_objects = self._compute(small_predictions, small_targets)
+
+        medium_predictions, medium_targets = (
+            self._filter_predictions_and_targets_by_size(
+                self._predictions_list, self._targets_list, ObjectSizeCategory.MEDIUM
+            )
+        )
+        result.medium_objects = self._compute(medium_predictions, medium_targets)
+
+        large_predictions, large_targets = self._filter_predictions_and_targets_by_size(
+            self._predictions_list, self._targets_list, ObjectSizeCategory.LARGE
+        )
+        result.large_objects = self._compute(large_predictions, large_targets)
+
+        return result
+
+    def _compute(
+        self, predictions_list: List[Detections], targets_list: List[Detections]
+    ) -> RecallResult:
+        iou_thresholds = np.linspace(0.5, 0.95, 10)
+        stats = []
+
+        for predictions, targets in zip(predictions_list, targets_list):
+            prediction_contents = self._detections_content(predictions)
+            target_contents = self._detections_content(targets)
+
+            if len(targets) > 0:
+                if len(predictions) == 0:
+                    stats.append(
+                        (
+                            np.zeros((0, iou_thresholds.size), dtype=bool),
+                            np.zeros((0,), dtype=np.float32),
+                            np.zeros((0,), dtype=int),
+                            targets.class_id,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                else:
+                    if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.BOXES:
+                        iou = box_iou_batch(target_contents, prediction_contents)
+                    elif self._metric_target == MetricTarget.MASKS:
+                        iou = mask_iou_batch(target_contents, prediction_contents)
+                    else:
+                        raise NotImplementedError(
+                            "Unsupported metric target for IoU calculation"
+                        )
+
+                    matches = self._match_detection_batch(
+                        predictions.class_id, targets.class_id, iou, iou_thresholds
+                    )
+                    stats.append(
+                        (
+                            matches,
+                            predictions.confidence,
+                            predictions.class_id,
+                            targets.class_id,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+        if not stats:
+            return RecallResult(
+                metric_target=self._metric_target,
+                averaging_method=self.averaging_method,
+                recall_scores=np.zeros(iou_thresholds.shape[0]),
+                recall_per_class=np.zeros((0, iou_thresholds.shape[0])),
+                iou_thresholds=iou_thresholds,
+                matched_classes=np.array([], dtype=int),
+                small_objects=None,
+                medium_objects=None,
+                large_objects=None,
+            )
+
+        concatenated_stats = [np.concatenate(items, 0) for items in zip(*stats)]
+        recall_scores, recall_per_class, unique_classes = (
+            self._compute_recall_for_classes(*concatenated_stats)
+        )
+
+        return RecallResult(
+            metric_target=self._metric_target,
+            averaging_method=self.averaging_method,
+            recall_scores=recall_scores,
+            recall_per_class=recall_per_class,
+            iou_thresholds=iou_thresholds,
+            matched_classes=unique_classes,
+            small_objects=None,
+            medium_objects=None,
+            large_objects=None,
+        )
+
+    def _compute_recall_for_classes(
+        self,
+        matches: np.ndarray,
+        prediction_confidence: np.ndarray,
+        prediction_class_ids: np.ndarray,
+        true_class_ids: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+        sorted_indices = np.argsort(-prediction_confidence)
+        matches = matches[sorted_indices]
+        prediction_class_ids = prediction_class_ids[sorted_indices]
+        unique_classes, class_counts = np.unique(true_class_ids, return_counts=True)
+
+        # Shape: PxTh,P,C,C -> CxThx3
+        confusion_matrix = self._compute_confusion_matrix(
+            matches, prediction_class_ids, unique_classes, class_counts
+        )
+
+        # Shape: CxThx3 -> CxTh
+        recall_per_class = self._compute_recall(confusion_matrix)
+
+        # Shape: CxTh -> Th
+        if self.averaging_method == AveragingMethod.MACRO:
+            recall_scores = np.mean(recall_per_class, axis=0)
+        elif self.averaging_method == AveragingMethod.MICRO:
+            confusion_matrix_merged = confusion_matrix.sum(0)
+            recall_scores = self._compute_recall(confusion_matrix_merged)
+        elif self.averaging_method == AveragingMethod.WEIGHTED:
+            class_counts = class_counts.astype(np.float32)
+            recall_scores = np.average(recall_per_class, axis=0, weights=class_counts)
+
+        return recall_scores, recall_per_class, unique_classes
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _match_detection_batch(
+        predictions_classes: np.ndarray,
+        target_classes: np.ndarray,
+        iou: np.ndarray,
+        iou_thresholds: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> np.ndarray:
+        num_predictions, num_iou_levels = (
+            predictions_classes.shape[0],
+            iou_thresholds.shape[0],
+        )
+        correct = np.zeros((num_predictions, num_iou_levels), dtype=bool)
+        correct_class = target_classes[:, None] == predictions_classes
+
+        for i, iou_level in enumerate(iou_thresholds):
+            matched_indices = np.where((iou >= iou_level) & correct_class)
+
+            if matched_indices[0].shape[0]:
+                combined_indices = np.stack(matched_indices, axis=1)
+                iou_values = iou[matched_indices][:, None]
+                matches = np.hstack([combined_indices, iou_values])
+
+                if matched_indices[0].shape[0] > 1:
+                    matches = matches[matches[:, 2].argsort()[::-1]]
+                    matches = matches[np.unique(matches[:, 1], return_index=True)[1]]
+                    matches = matches[np.unique(matches[:, 0], return_index=True)[1]]
+
+                correct[matches[:, 1].astype(int), i] = True
+
+        return correct
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _compute_confusion_matrix(
+        sorted_matches: np.ndarray,
+        sorted_prediction_class_ids: np.ndarray,
+        unique_classes: np.ndarray,
+        class_counts: np.ndarray,
+    ) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Compute the confusion matrix for each class and IoU threshold.
+
+        Assumes the matches and prediction_class_ids are sorted by confidence
+        in descending order.
+
+        Arguments:
+            sorted_matches: np.ndarray, bool, shape (P, Th), that is True
+                if the prediction is a true positive at the given IoU threshold.
+            sorted_prediction_class_ids: np.ndarray, int, shape (P,), containing
+                the class id for each prediction.
+            unique_classes: np.ndarray, int, shape (C,), containing the unique
+                class ids.
+            class_counts: np.ndarray, int, shape (C,), containing the number
+                of true instances for each class.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.ndarray, shape (C, Th, 3), containing the true positives, false
+                positives, and false negatives for each class and IoU threshold.
+        """
+
+        num_thresholds = sorted_matches.shape[1]
+        num_classes = unique_classes.shape[0]
+
+        confusion_matrix = np.zeros((num_classes, num_thresholds, 3))
+        for class_idx, class_id in enumerate(unique_classes):
+            is_class = sorted_prediction_class_ids == class_id
+            num_true = class_counts[class_idx]
+            num_predictions = is_class.sum()
+
+            if num_predictions == 0:
+                true_positives = np.zeros(num_thresholds)
+                false_positives = np.zeros(num_thresholds)
+                false_negatives = np.full(num_thresholds, num_true)
+            elif num_true == 0:
+                true_positives = np.zeros(num_thresholds)
+                false_positives = np.full(num_thresholds, num_predictions)
+                false_negatives = np.zeros(num_thresholds)
+            else:
+                true_positives = sorted_matches[is_class].sum(0)
+                false_positives = (1 - sorted_matches[is_class]).sum(0)
+                false_negatives = num_true - true_positives
+            confusion_matrix[class_idx] = np.stack(
+                [true_positives, false_positives, false_negatives], axis=1
+            )
+
+        return confusion_matrix
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _compute_recall(confusion_matrix: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        """
+        Broadcastable function, computing the recall from the confusion matrix.
+
+        Arguments:
+            confusion_matrix: np.ndarray, shape (N, ..., 3), where the last dimension
+                contains the true positives, false positives, and false negatives.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.ndarray, shape (N, ...), containing the recall for each element.
+        """
+        if not confusion_matrix.shape[-1] == 3:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Confusion matrix must have shape (..., 3), got "
+                f"{confusion_matrix.shape}"
+            )
+        true_positives = confusion_matrix[..., 0]
+        false_negatives = confusion_matrix[..., 2]
+
+        denominator = true_positives + false_negatives
+        recall = np.where(denominator == 0, 0, true_positives / denominator)
+
+        return recall
+
+    def _detections_content(self, detections: Detections) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Return boxes, masks or oriented bounding boxes from detections."""
+        if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.BOXES:
+            return detections.xyxy
+        if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.MASKS:
+            return (
+                detections.mask
+                if detections.mask is not None
+                else np.empty((0, 0, 0), dtype=bool)
+            )
+        if self._metric_target == MetricTarget.ORIENTED_BOUNDING_BOXES:
+            if obb := detections.data.get(ORIENTED_BOX_COORDINATES):
+                return np.ndarray(obb, dtype=np.float32)
+            return np.empty((0, 8), dtype=np.float32)
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid metric target: {self._metric_target}")
+
+    def _filter_detections_by_size(
+        self, detections: Detections, size_category: ObjectSizeCategory
+    ) -> Detections:
+        """Return a copy of detections with contents filtered by object size."""
+        new_detections = deepcopy(detections)
+        if detections.is_empty() or size_category == ObjectSizeCategory.ANY:
+            return new_detections
+
+        sizes = get_detection_size_category(new_detections, self._metric_target)
+        size_mask = sizes == size_category.value
+
+        new_detections.xyxy = new_detections.xyxy[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.mask is not None:
+            new_detections.mask = new_detections.mask[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.class_id is not None:
+            new_detections.class_id = new_detections.class_id[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.confidence is not None:
+            new_detections.confidence = new_detections.confidence[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.tracker_id is not None:
+            new_detections.tracker_id = new_detections.tracker_id[size_mask]
+        if new_detections.data is not None:
+            for key, value in new_detections.data.items():
+                new_detections.data[key] = np.array(value)[size_mask]
+
+        return new_detections
+
+    def _filter_predictions_and_targets_by_size(
+        self,
+        predictions_list: List[Detections],
+        targets_list: List[Detections],
+        size_category: ObjectSizeCategory,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[Detections], List[Detections]]:
+        """
+        Filter predictions and targets by object size category.
+        """
+        new_predictions_list = []
+        new_targets_list = []
+        for predictions, targets in zip(predictions_list, targets_list):
+            new_predictions_list.append(
+                self._filter_detections_by_size(predictions, size_category)
+            )
+            new_targets_list.append(
+                self._filter_detections_by_size(targets, size_category)
+            )
+        return new_predictions_list, new_targets_list
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RecallResult:
+    """
+    The results of the recall metric calculation.
+
+    Defaults to `0` if no detections or targets were provided.
+
+    Attributes:
+        metric_target (MetricTarget): the type of data used for the metric -
+            boxes, masks or oriented bounding boxes.
+        averaging_method (AveragingMethod): the averaging method used to compute the
+            recall. Determines how the recall is aggregated across classes.
+        recall_at_50 (float): the recall at IoU threshold of `0.5`.
+        recall_at_75 (float): the recall at IoU threshold of `0.75`.
+        recall_scores (np.ndarray): the recall scores at each IoU threshold.
+            Shape: `(num_iou_thresholds,)`
+        recall_per_class (np.ndarray): the recall scores per class and IoU threshold.
+            Shape: `(num_target_classes, num_iou_thresholds)`
+        iou_thresholds (np.ndarray): the IoU thresholds used in the calculations.
+        matched_classes (np.ndarray): the class IDs of all matched classes.
+            Corresponds to the rows of `recall_per_class`.
+        small_objects (Optional[RecallResult]): the Recall metric results
+            for small objects.
+        medium_objects (Optional[RecallResult]): the Recall metric results
+            for medium objects.
+        large_objects (Optional[RecallResult]): the Recall metric results
+            for large objects.
+    """
+
+    metric_target: MetricTarget
+    averaging_method: AveragingMethod
+
+    @property
+    def recall_at_50(self) -> float:
+        return self.recall_scores[0]
+
+    @property
+    def recall_at_75(self) -> float:
+        return self.recall_scores[5]
+
+    recall_scores: np.ndarray
+    recall_per_class: np.ndarray
+    iou_thresholds: np.ndarray
+    matched_classes: np.ndarray
+
+    small_objects: Optional[RecallResult]
+    medium_objects: Optional[RecallResult]
+    large_objects: Optional[RecallResult]
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Format as a pretty string.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            print(recall_result)
+            ```
+        """
+        out_str = (
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__}:\n"
+            f"Metric target:    {self.metric_target}\n"
+            f"Averaging method: {self.averaging_method}\n"
+            f"R @ 50:     {self.recall_at_50:.4f}\n"
+            f"R @ 75:     {self.recall_at_75:.4f}\n"
+            f"R @ thresh: {self.recall_scores}\n"
+            f"IoU thresh: {self.iou_thresholds}\n"
+            f"Recall per class:\n"
+        )
+        if self.recall_per_class.size == 0:
+            out_str += "  No results\n"
+        for class_id, recall_of_class in zip(
+            self.matched_classes, self.recall_per_class
+        ):
+            out_str += f"  {class_id}: {recall_of_class}\n"
+
+        indent = "  "
+        if self.small_objects is not None:
+            indented = indent + str(self.small_objects).replace("\n", f"\n{indent}")
+            out_str += f"\nSmall objects:\n{indented}"
+        if self.medium_objects is not None:
+            indented = indent + str(self.medium_objects).replace("\n", f"\n{indent}")
+            out_str += f"\nMedium objects:\n{indented}"
+        if self.large_objects is not None:
+            indented = indent + str(self.large_objects).replace("\n", f"\n{indent}")
+            out_str += f"\nLarge objects:\n{indented}"
+
+        return out_str
+
+    def to_pandas(self) -> "pd.DataFrame":
+        """
+        Convert the result to a pandas DataFrame.
+
+        Returns:
+            (pd.DataFrame): The result as a DataFrame.
+        """
+        ensure_pandas_installed()
+        import pandas as pd
+
+        pandas_data = {
+            "R@50": self.recall_at_50,
+            "R@75": self.recall_at_75,
+        }
+
+        if self.small_objects is not None:
+            small_objects_df = self.small_objects.to_pandas()
+            for key, value in small_objects_df.items():
+                pandas_data[f"small_objects_{key}"] = value
+        if self.medium_objects is not None:
+            medium_objects_df = self.medium_objects.to_pandas()
+            for key, value in medium_objects_df.items():
+                pandas_data[f"medium_objects_{key}"] = value
+        if self.large_objects is not None:
+            large_objects_df = self.large_objects.to_pandas()
+            for key, value in large_objects_df.items():
+                pandas_data[f"large_objects_{key}"] = value
+
+        return pd.DataFrame(pandas_data, index=[0])
+
+    def plot(self):
+        """
+        Plot the recall results.
+        """
+
+        labels = ["Recall@50", "Recall@75"]
+        values = [self.recall_at_50, self.recall_at_75]
+        colors = [LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE[0]] * 2
+
+        if self.small_objects is not None:
+            small_objects = self.small_objects
+            labels += ["Small: R@50", "Small: R@75"]
+            values += [small_objects.recall_at_50, small_objects.recall_at_75]
+            colors += [LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE[3]] * 2
+
+        if self.medium_objects is not None:
+            medium_objects = self.medium_objects
+            labels += ["Medium: R@50", "Medium: R@75"]
+            values += [medium_objects.recall_at_50, medium_objects.recall_at_75]
+            colors += [LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE[2]] * 2
+
+        if self.large_objects is not None:
+            large_objects = self.large_objects
+            labels += ["Large: R@50", "Large: R@75"]
+            values += [large_objects.recall_at_50, large_objects.recall_at_75]
+            colors += [LEGACY_COLOR_PALETTE[4]] * 2
+
+        plt.rcParams["font.family"] = "monospace"
+
+        _, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 6))
+        ax.set_ylim(0, 1)
+        ax.set_ylabel("Value", fontweight="bold")
+        title = (
+            f"Recall, by Object Size"
+            f"\n(target: {self.metric_target.value},"
+            f" averaging: {self.averaging_method.value})"
+        )
+        ax.set_title(title, fontweight="bold")
+
+        x_positions = range(len(labels))
+        bars = ax.bar(x_positions, values, color=colors, align="center")
+
+        ax.set_xticks(x_positions)
+        ax.set_xticklabels(labels, rotation=45, ha="right")
+
+        for bar in bars:
+            y_value = bar.get_height()
+            ax.text(
+                bar.get_x() + bar.get_width() / 2,
+                y_value + 0.02,
+                f"{y_value:.2f}",
+                ha="center",
+                va="bottom",
+            )
+
+        plt.rcParams["font.family"] = "sans-serif"
+
+        plt.tight_layout()
+        plt.show()